The effects of the war in America

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The effects of the war in America
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Labor Issues

• A. U.S.s entry into the war led to a labor
  shortage in the US
• 1. This caused
• women to enter the workforce- they took jobs
  usually held by men
• about 150,000 Mexicans to enter
• the country
• African Americans to move north in search for new
  opportunities

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1. The War Industries Board- allocate scarce
   materials for the production of war time goods,
   establish priorities, and set pricing
2. Peace-time industries temporarily switched over
   to produce war-time goods
3. Production increased 20
4. Why did price controls lead to inflation? (hint-
   supply/ demand)
5. Wages rose, esp for blue collar workers

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II. The Great Migration

• 1. The movement of African Americans from the
  South to northern cities between 1915 and 1930
• 2. They were moving north to escape
  discrimination and to find better job
  opportunities

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III. Racial tensions

• 1. African-Americans who moved north usually had
  a higher standard of living than in the south.
• 2. African Americans were restricted in their
  military service to support positions only.
• 3. Why should AA support the war when they were
  discriminated against?

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IV. American Attitudes

• 1. Many Americans believed that the U.S. should
  have stayed out of the war (political, religious,
  and/or personal reasons).
• 2. Election of 1916- Wilsons slogan was, He
  kept us out of war!

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• 3. Wilson created a committee on Public
  Information in 1917 to encourage the American
  people to support the war
• Propaganda- persuading others toward a particular
  belief or idea. Food will win the war!
• a. successful b/c it used voluntary
  participation instead of force
• b. Herbert Hoover led the Food Admn.

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1. Propaganda campaigns were used to persuade people
   to be conservative with their food, Meatless
   Mondays or Wheatless Wednesdays.
2. Liberty Bonds were sold to finance the war effort
   as well as an increase in taxes. Propaganda was
   used to accomplish this as well.
3. It also urged people to volunteer, join the Navy,
   grow Victory Gardens, and to be careful of what
   they said.

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World War I Propaganda
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3. Patriotic Organizations

• Many American groups popped up that discriminated
  against anything German (i.e. books, language,
  music, sauerkraut, dachshunds, hamburgers)
• Some groups promoted Americanization- this was
  to prepare foreign-born residents for full
  American citizenship- education was the main
  goal.

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• Volunteerism became very important women
  volunteered as nurses, workers, organizers
• children organized recycling campaigns and
  grew gardens in school
• citizens participated in any way to be doing
  their part
• d. This is why the 18th amendment passed- sense
  of patriotism

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V. U.S. opposition to War

• 1. The Quakers and the Mennonites were
  particularly opposed to the war because of the
  pacifism in religion- the refusal to use violence
  to settle disputes.
• 2. Some Americans considered anyone against the
  war effort to be traitors they often encountered
  violence and abuse.
• 3.The Socialist Party in America opposed the war
  because they felt it was a struggle to control
  foreign markets.

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VI. Silencing the opposition

• 1. Congress passed The Espionage Act and The
  Sedition Act- These outlawed acts of treason and
  made it a crime to criticize the government
• 2. Many Americans believed this went
• against 1st amendment rights
• 3. Schenck vs. the United States- 1919 Supreme
  Court Case that stated that in times of war some
  things presented a clear and present danger to
  the country

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End of WWI
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I. The Great War finally ends

• The Turning Point
• Russian Revolution- Bolsheviks overthrew the
  Czar, Nicholas II, led by Vladimir Lenin in 1917
• --They withdrew from the war leaving German
  troops on the Eastern Front free. They were
  moved to the Western Front for reinforcement.
• 2. US enters war- this act combined with German
  attacks led us to enter in 1917 just in time to
  save Paris.

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• 3. Late summer of 1918, the Allied powers had a
  major offensive on the Western Front
• 4. The Central Powers were suffering huge losses

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II. The Peace Treaty

• 1. Nov 11, 1918
• signed a cease-fire (armistice)
• 2. The nations met in Paris, France, at the
  Palace of Versailles, for a peace conference in
  January of 1919.

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III. Peace in Europe

• The Big Four
• David Lloyd George (Britain)
• George Clemenceau (France)
• Woodrow Wilson (U.S)
• Vittorio Orlando (Italy)- left during peace talks
  didnt receive territorial claims)

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• IV. Versailles Treaty with Germany
• The official signing June 28, 1919
• Required Germany to accept
• all blame (guilty of starting the war)
• 2. Germany must pay 33 billion (cost of war 400
  bil.)

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• 3. Germany lost territory- returned
  Alsace-Lorraine to France, lost all colonies
• 4. Disarmed Germany
• 5. Overall, the Treaty of Versailles dismantled
  the great empires of pre-WWI days.

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• a. New nations were formed Finland, Latvia,
  Estonia, Lithuania, Poland
• b. Ottoman Empire lost some territory and became
  known as Turkey.
• c. Germany was forbidden to occupy the Rhineland
  so there would be a buffer zone b/t them and
  France.

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V. Wilsons 14 Points

• the U.S. Peace Plan,
• which expressed the
• aims of the Allies and
• called for world peace

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A. The 14 Points General Plans

• 1. No secret treaties
• 2. Freedom of the seas for all
• nations
• 3. Removal of all economic
• barriers.
• 4. Reduction of all national
• armaments (military supply)

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• 5. Fair adjustments of all colonial claims
• s 6-13 - points dealt w/ specific countries
• 14. Establishment of a general association of
  nations (League of Nations)

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B. The 14th Point- League of Nations

• 1. It became part of the Versailles Treaty
• a. Two main aims of the League
• 1. promote international cooperation
• 2. peacefully settle disputes and
  reduce armaments.
• b. The League was to include all
  independent, sovereign nations

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• C. The U.S. did not join the League of Nations
• 1. Wilson refused to compromise
• treaty failed to pass the Senate- the US did
  not join
• 2. Many republican Senators were
• concerned that the League would drag
• the U.S. into world affairs
• 3. Overall, the US wanted to return to a policy
  of Isolationism
• 4. Election 1920- Warren Harding and Normalcy

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How might WWI have affected future international
affairs?
The treaty of Versailles left Germany bitter and
may have led to the future conflicts we know are
just around the bend!!!
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• The Effects of WWI
• Widespread death and destruction in Europe
• Treaty of Versailles
• League of Nations
• Break-up of German and Austro-Hungarian Empires
• Creation of several new nations

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Effects Contd.

• New Hazards
• physical ailments such as trench foot, trench
  mouth, long term diseases from exposure
• Psychological ailments such as shell shock
• Many Veterans returned home disabled and
  disillusioned
• COSTS 22 million dead, 20 million wounded, 10
  million displaced, 338 billion