Proposal

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Proposal

• Abstract/Specific Aims (1 page)
• Background (4-6 pages)
• Research Plan (8-10 pages)
• References

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• Proteins
• Protein Structures and Shapes
• Protein Functions

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Protein Structures and Shapes

• Amino acids
• Peptide bonds
• a helix and b sheet
• Domains and Modules
• Classification of Families
• Protein Assembly

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Protein Functions

• Protein Binding ?
• Protein conformation ?
• Antibody ?
• Enzyme and substrate
• Catalytic Reaction
• Kinase and phosphatase
• GTPase, GEF, GAP
• Motor protein
• Membrane-bound protein

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Protein binding
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Antibody
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Enzymes lower the activation energy to accelerate
chemical reactions
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Lysozyme actions Bending of the polysaccharide
bond
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Steps of lysozyme actions
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Strategies of enzyme catalysis
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Feedback inhibitions
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Coupled regulation Positive Regulations
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Coupled regulation negative Regulations
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Coupled regulation on multiple subunits
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Aspartate transcarbamoylase
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Kinase and phosphatase
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Kinase Domain
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Kinase families
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threonine
Cyclin-dependent Kinase (CdK) Signal integrator
tyrosine
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Src Kinase
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Multiple Inputs for Src Kinase activation
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GTPases
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Ras Structure One kind of GTPases
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Phosphorylation and GTP binding regulations
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EF-Tu and its regulation of tRNA
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Motor Protein Regulation Myosin on Actin and
Kenesin on Microtubules
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Membrane Protein Calcium Pump on Sarcoplasmic
reticulum
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• DNA and Chromosomes

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Chromosome in Cells DNA (deoxyribonucleic
acid) AGTC Human 46 chromosomes 22 homologs, x,
or x/y
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Experimental procedures demonstrating that DNA is
the genetic material
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DNA and its Building
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DNA and its Building
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DNA Pairs A-T, G-C
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DNA Double Helix 10.4 nucleutides/turn 3.4 nm
between nucleutides
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DNA to Protein genome
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DNA Duplication Using itself as template
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Cell Nucleus
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Human Chromosome Complementary DNA with different
Dyes The arrangement of the full chromosome set
is called karyotype
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Banding Pattern of human chromosomes Giemsa
Staining
Encoding ribosome
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The organization of genes of a human chromosome
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Conservation between human and mouse genomes
mouse
human
centromere
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Cell Cycle Chromosomes exist through the cycle
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Chromosomes at interphase and M phase
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Three DNA sequences
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Nucleosomes under electron microscope Nucleosome
basic level of chromosome/chromatin organization
Chromatin protein-DNA complex Histone DNA
binding protein
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Nucleosome Structures Histone octamer 2 H2A 2
H2B 2 H3 2 H4
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X-ray diffraction analyses of crystals
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Structural Organization of the Core Histones
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The Assembly of the Core Histones
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The bending of DNA in a nucleosome A-T riched
minor groove inside and G-C riched groove outside
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Zigzag model of the 30-nm chromatin fiber
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Irregularities in the 30-nm fiber Flexible
linker, DNA binding proteins
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The function of Histone H1
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The function of Histone tails
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Chromatin Remodeling
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Cyclic Diagram for nucleosome formation and
disruption
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Covalent Modification of core histone
tails Histone acetyl transferase (HAT) Histone
deacetylase (HDAC)
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