Clinical Anatomy and Physiology for Veterinary Technicians

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Clinical Anatomy and Physiology for Veterinary
Technicians

• Chapter 1
• Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

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Anatomy

• The study of the structure of the body.

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Subdivisions of Anatomy

• Microscopic Anatomy
• Gross Anatomy
• Regional Anatomy
• Systemic Anatomy
• Surface Anatomy
• Developmental Anatomy

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Microscopic Anatomy

• Study of the structures of the body that can not
  be seen with the naked eye

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Gross Anatomy

• Study of the structures of the body that can be
  seen with the naked eye.

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Regional Anatomy

• Study of the structures of a region of the body
  and all of the elements in that region from
  microscopic to gross levels of organization.
  Cells, tissues, bones, nerves, and all other
  tissues in the region are studied.

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Systemic Anatomy

• Study of the structures of the eleven systems of
  the body.

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Surface Anatomy

• Study of the internal structures as they relate
  to the overlying skin surface.

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Anatomical Position Dorsal View
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Anatomical Position Ventral View
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Anatomical Planes of Reference

• Sagittal Plane A plane of reference that runs
  the length of the body and divides it into right
  and left parts.
• Median Plane A plane of reference that runs the
  length of the body and divides it into equal
  right and left parts. The median plane is the
  middle sagittal plane.
• Transverse Plane A plane across the body that
  divides it into cranial and caudal parts.
• Dorsal Plane At right angles to the sagittal
  plane and divides the body into dorsal and
  ventral parts.

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Bilateral Symmetry

• Bilateral Symmetry Either side of the median
  plane essentially mirror images of each other.

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Dorsal Body Cavity

• Cranial Cavity The skull bones make up this
  cavity and it contains and protects the brain.
• Spinal Cavity Formed by the vertebral foramen of
  the spinal bones and contains and protects the
  spinal cord.

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Ventral Body Cavity

• Cranial Thoracic Cavity Formed by the ribs,
  separated from the abdominal cavity by the
  diaphragm and contains the lungs, heart and
  thymus.

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• Abdominal Cavity Part of the Ventral Body Cavity
  thats borders include the diaphragm, lumbar
  vertebrae, back muscles, stomach muscles and hip
  bone. Contains the abdominal viscera. Sometimes
  called the abdominopelvic cavity.

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• Pelvic Cavity Part of the Ventral Body Cavity
  which contains the bladder, rectum and
  reproductive organs.

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• Viscera The internal organs of the body. Lungs,
  heart, small intestine, spleen, liver, gall
  bladder, urinary bladder, kidneys, pancreas,
  large intestine, thymus, uterus, prostate gland.

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Levels of Organization

• Cells
• Tissues
• Organs
• Systems

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Cells

• The basic structural and functional unit of
  living organisms.

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Tissues

• Groups of cells that are similar in structure and
  perform a common or related function

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Organs

• Groups of tissues that work together for a common
  purpose.

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Systems

• Groups of organs that are involved in a common
  set of activities.

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Four Tissue Types

• Epithelial
• Connective
• Nervous
• Muscle

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Homeostasis

• Maintenance of dynamic equilibrium in the body.

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Negative Feedback Mechanisms

• Most homeostatic mechanisms are negative feedback
  mechanisms.
• In these systems, the output shuts off the
  original stimulus or reduces its intensity.
• These mechanisms cause the variable to change in
  a direction opposite to that of the original
  change, returning it to its ideal value, thus the
  name negative feedback mechanisms.

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Positive Feedback Mechanisms

• In positive feedback mechanisms the original
  stimulus is enhanced so that the activity is
  accelerated.

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