?????? Ascomycetes ?????? Allied ??????????????????????????

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?????? Ascomycetes?????? Allied
??????????????????????????

• Mycology (4032605)
• Lecture 6

?????????????? ??????? ???? 404552014 ???????????
? ???? ???? 404552021 ???????????????????????
??????????????? 11
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Ascocarps ascogenous hyphae specialized ascus
tip conidia Woronin bodies
???????? ascogenous hyphae ??? ascocarps
???????????????????????????????????????
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Hypothesized relationships (Alexopoulos et al.
1996)
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Ascosphaerales

• Eremascus - ??????????????????????
• Ascosphaera - ???????????????????
• A. apis ????????????????????????? (chalk brood)

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Eremascus albus hyphae and asci by David Geiser
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Ascosphaera
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Onygenales

• Family Onygenaceae
• Onygena equina ???????????????????????????????????
  ???????
• ???? Stalked ascomata ??????????? mazaedia
• Ajellomyces dermatidis - ???? blastomycosis
  ???Ajellomyces capsulatus - ???? histoplasmosis
• ????????????????????????? 37OC ??? ?? mycelium
  ??????????????????????????? 37OC
• Coccidioides immitis - ???????????????????????????
  (Coccidioidomycosis)
• ????? arthrospores ?????,???????????,
  ??????????????????? ????????????????????

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Onygena equina
Stalked ascomata (mazaedia)
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Ajellomyces capsulatus
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Coccidiodes immitis
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Arthrodermataceae

• Arthrodermacleisothecia with bone-shaped cells
  ??????????? (ossiform cells)
• Trichophyton and Microsporum anamorph
• Dermatophytes????????????????????????????????????
  ????????? ?????????
• ???????????
• ???????????????????????????,?????

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Arthrodermataceae
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Eurotiales (Plectomycetes)

• ????????????(prototunicate)
• ?? cleistothecium ??????????????????????
• ?? ascospores ??????????????????
• ?? 2 familes
• Trichocomaceae
• Aspergillus, Penicillium ??? Paecilomyces
  anamorphs
• Pseudoeurotiaceae

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Aspergillus
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Anamorphs--Aspergillus
SEM by Charles Mims
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Anamorphs--Penicillium
phialides
Branches (metulae)
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Anamorphs--Paecilomyces
???? phialides ?????????????????????????????,?????
????
Colony ??????,??????,??????,?????????????,????????
?????????? ?? penicilium spp.
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Teleomorphs

• Aspergillus
• Eurotium
• Neosartorya
• Emericella
• Penicillium
• Eupenicillium
• Talaromyces
• Paecilomyces
• Byssochlamys

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Ascospore by D. Geiser
From Hanlin, 1998. Illustrated Genera of
Ascomycetes Vol II
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Emericella

• Aspergillus anamorph
• Cleistothecial ???????????????? hülle cells
• Ascospores ????,????, ??????????????????????????

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From Hanlin, 1998. Illustrated Genera of
Ascomycetes Vol II
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Emericella
Hülle cells, D. Geiser
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Eupenicillium

• Penicillium anamorph
• Cleisothecia ???????, ???????????????????????????(
  ??????,???,??????)
• Ascospores ????, ????????????????????????,Lens-
  shaped ??????????????????????????????

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From Hanlin, 1998. Illustrated Genera of
Ascomycetes Vol II
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Image by David Geiser
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From Hanlin, 1998. Illustrated Genera of
Ascomycetes Vol II
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???????????????

• Penicillium spp. - ?????????????????????????????
• Penicillium roqueforti- blue cheese
• Penicillium spp.- ???????????????????,???????,????
  ?,??????????????????
• Aspergillus flavus- ????? aflatoxins (??????????)
• A. flavus/A. niger--aspergillosis

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Aspergillosis of Sea Fans (Gorgonia spp.)
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Penicillin

• Penicillium notatum ??????????????????????????
  Alexander Flemings Petri dish of Staphylococcus
  ???? 1928 led ??????????????????? penicillin
• Howard Florey Ernest Chain (1939)
  ?????????????????????????
• 1941- ????????????????? US (NRRL ?? Peoria, IL)
  ???????????????? London (WWII)
• ?????????????????????????????????
• Mary Hunt (Moldy Mary) ?? P. chyrogenum
  ???????????????
• 1945Fleming, Florey Chain ???????????? Noble

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Penicillium notatum
Penicillin ???????cross-linking
????????????????????? ?? peptidoglycan,
?????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????? ??? osmotic lysis
????????.
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Fungal taxon/group Est. species known metabolites
Aspergillus, Eurotium, Emericella 200 525
Penicillium, Talaromyces, Eupenicillium 200 380
Trichoderma, Hypocrea 20 54
Cephalosporium-like hyphomycetes 140 116
Mucor, Rhizopus, Phycomyces 70 26
Oomycetes, Chytridiomycota 450 3
Yeasts 600 50
Basidiomycetes 30,000 300
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