???? Artificial Intelligence

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????Artificial Intelligence ??? changhe.lw_at_gmail.
com School of computer,CUG
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Module Instructions
????????28??????12??(3?) ????????? ??????????
????????????? ???
Artificial Intelligence A Modern Approach  by
Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig
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???? ??????(????),??????????,
?????4??????,?????????????????,???????????? ???
????(1)?????(2)?????????(3) ?? ????(1) ??????,
???????????,???? ???????????(???),?????????? ????(
2) ??????,???????????????,??C????????????C??
??
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????(3)Write In English ??????3?????????(??1?/?)
,?????????????,???????,???????????,??????? ????(3)
Speak In English ?????7??,?????????????????????
???????????? Table for Project
Contribution(must be shown in talk )
Name Algorithm design Program developing Paper Writing Slide presentation
A 0.8 0.1 0.1
B 0.1 0.8 0.1
C 0.1 0.1 0.8
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??????(Hard Deadline) ????(1)
???????(????) ????(2)???????(????) ????(3)??????
???(????) ????(3) ??????(??????) ?? ?????????
?????? ???? ??????????3???,?????????,
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????????,????????,????????????????????????????,???
?????????????,??????????? ?? ?????????????????,
????????????????????????
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Module Instructions
???? http//cs.cug.edu.cn/teacherweb/lichanghe/pag
es/teachingRes/AI.html ???????????????????????? ?
??? ???AI????????????,?????????????????????
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How to Create Model (AI) from Nature
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Shortcut to Get AI
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How to Motivate Yourself
Widen your mind to see what other people are
doing by news of technologies, google for the
state-of-the-art technologies or topics you are
interested, watch TV shows.
Ant foraging
Human Like Robot
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The time for AI
Visual intelligence (which previously only
animals/humans had) Natural language intelligence
(which beat the best human players at
Jeopardy) Deep learning, Situational awareness
(self-awareness?) Human-like robot frames, plus
quantum computers and inexpensive super-computers
- all of which exist right now.
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Objectives

• Understand some popular methods of AI to solve
  complex problems in different research domains.
• Show you what I know especially the topics I am
  currently doing (ads some of you may start your
  own research with me for your graduate project).
• Broaden your eyes to hope that some of you may
  contribute yourself in AI research or AI
  applications.
• Be able to solve some problems using AI
  (examples, graphic matching and TSP).

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??? ??
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Intelligence
Can anyone show me some examples of intelligence
from anywhere or whatever youve seen?
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Animal intelligence
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Human Intelligence

• ????140??????,??1400?,????????2--3??,?????2200????
  ,????????????10??(????,???????)????????????????1??
  ???1000??????,??????????,?80??????????2,????????
  ???25,???????????15,??????????2000??????????????
  ??????25??

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Artificial Intelligence
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??(1)

• ???????????????????,??????????????????????????
  ??????????,??????????????????? ??????????????????
• Humans are good at solving complex problems
• Humans are good at solving ill-defined problems
• Many of these tasks are computationally very
  difficult or even intractable
• Is it possible to get computers to solve such
  problems also?

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??(2)
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??(3)

• ????(AIArtificial Intelligence)???????????????,
  ????????????????????????????,?????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????????????

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• Artificial intelligence (AI) is
  the intelligence of machines and the branch
  of computer science that aims to create it. the
  study and design of intelligent agents"where
  an intelligent agent is a system that perceives
  its environment and takes actions that maximize
  its chances of success.

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??????

• ???????
• ??????????
• ???????????
• ???????????

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1.1 ???????

• In which we try to explain why we
  consider artificial intelligence to be a subject
  most worthy of study, and in which we try to
  decide what exactly it is, this being a good
  thing to decide before embarking.------
  "Introduction to AI A Modern Approach" by Stuart
  Russell and Peter Norvig

Peter Norvig
Stuart Russell
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???????(1)

• 20???????,?????????,??????????????,???????????

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???????(1)

• Free human hands by mechanical power

Steam engine
James Watt(1736-1819)

• Can we free ourselves totally? from both
  physical and mental work by robot?

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• 1956???????John McCarthy?Marvin Minsky?Nathaniel
  Rochester?Claude Shannon??????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????(psychiatry)???????????????
  ??10?????,???????????????Dartmouth??,????Dartmouth
  ??????
• ???,?????????????????,???????????????,????????????
  ??????,?????????????,?????????????????????
• ?Dartmouth??????,????????????(artificial
  intelligence)???????????,????????????,??????????

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John McCarthy at a conference in 2006
Marvin Minsky in 2008
Nathaniel Rochester 1984 Computer Pioneer Award
Shannon and his famous electromechanical mouse
Theseus which he tried to have solve the maze in
one of the first experiments in artificial
intelligence
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???????(2)

• Stuart Russell?Peter Norvig?????AI???????

?????? Thinking as humans ?????? Thinking rationally
?????? Acting as humans ?????? Acting rationally
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??????

• Kurzwell?????????????????,??????????????,?????????
  ?????????,????????
• ?? ??????????????,???????

• ????
• ?????
• ?????
• ????

??????Turing??
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Turing??(1)

• Alan Turing, Computing Machinery and
  Intelligence, Mind, 59433 460, 1950.
• ?? Can machines think?
• ??,Turing??????Turing Test

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Turing??(2)

• ???(interrogator)A,????B?C?
• A??,B?C????,????????
• A????,B?C?????
• ??B?C???,??A?????????????????,??????????
• Turing?????????????????????????

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Examples
The bot, called UT2, claimed first prize in the
annual BotPrize competition (2012). Bots are
computer program that control video game
characters and play against real people UT2
fooled other players and judges that it was human
during a game to win the prize. The BotPrize
competition is a form of Turing test
(http//www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-19748209)
The test involved computer bots playing humans at
Unreal Tournamen
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• Chatting with Alice at http//alice.pandorabots.co
  m

Opponent voice Even if a computer passes the
test, it does not mean it understands anything of
the interaction. the Chinese Room argument.
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the Chinese Room argument
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??????

• Bellman???????????????????????????????????
• ??????????(cognitive model)???---?????????????????
  ??
• ???????????????,??????????????????????????????????
  ??,???????????(introspection)----???????,????????
  ?????????

• IssuesSo far, we dont even know how our brain
  works.

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??????

• 1985?Charniak?McDermott????????????(logic
  model)??????????????????
• ???????????????(?????????)?????????,??????
• ???????,??????????,??????????????????,???????,????
  ????
• Issues
• Not all intelligent behavior is mediated by
  logical deliberation
• What thoughts should I have?

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Rational behavior ??????

• Rational behavior doing the right thing
• The right thing that which is expected to
  maximize goal achievement, given the available
  information
  
• Doesn't necessarily involve thinking e.g.,
  blinking reflex but thinking should be in the
  service of rational action
  

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Evolutionary Computation

• It is not the strongest of species that survive,
  nor the most intelligent, but the one most
  adaptable to change.
• Charles
  Darwin(1809-1882)

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??????

• ???(Nilsson)?????????????????????????????????????(
  agent)?
• ???????????????,????????????????(agent)???????????
  ?????????????????,???????????????????(agent)?
• ????????,????????????????????????????(agent)????
  ?????,?????????????,????????,??????????????,??????
  ???

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Agent(1)-chapter 9

• ????????????, ??(agent)??????????????, human,
  robots, software, thermostats, etc.??????????,????
  ???????
• ????(agent computing)????????????,????????????????
  ???(?????????)????,?????????????????????,???????
  ???????????????

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Agent(2)

• Agent??
• ???????
• ???? (??)
• ????
• ??????
• Agent??????, ????????????????????????

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Agent(3)

• ????????????
• Microsoft?Office??
• ?????(????)???????
• ??????????????(starcraft,CS)
• ???????(?Ebay?????)
• ????Web Spider(???????????????,?Google)
• ????,????????????????????

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• Whats your point about AI? Or which view do you
  support?

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???????(3)

• ??????????????????????????
• ?????????
• ????????
• ????
• ??
• ????
• ?????????
• ??

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??????

• ???????
• ??????????
• ???????????
• ???????????

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??????????(1)

• AI???
• ????????????????????????????
• deterministic ? heuristic probabilistic
• ??????????,????????????????????????????????????

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??????????(2)

• 1956????,J.MaCarthy??????? Artificial
  Intelligence ?
• ( computational rationality????????)

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??????????(3)

• ???(1956??)
• ????
• -- ???????,?????(automaton),???,???????
• -- ??????????
• ????

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--Aristotle lt???gt ????????? ??????????
If the major premise is Boys like fruit' and the
 minor premise is You are a boy', then the conclu
sion is Therefore you like fruit
Aristotle (384 BC  322 BC)
--Boole ??????,?????????? ??????????
--Turing ??????????????
George Boole
Von Neumann architecture
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• --MP??(1943) ??????????????. by ????????
  McCulloch and Pitts

--ENIAC ???AI???????
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??????????(4)

• ?? (50??? 60????) ????????
• ??????GPS
• 1957? ??? by Rosenblatt ?????
• ????1960???????????????1976??????????????????????
  ??
• ??
• ????
• 1969?,1st Int. Joint Conf. on AI (IJCAI)
• 1970?,International Journal of AI

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??????????(5)

• ???????? ( 60????? 80????)
• ?????????????????
• ??????????????R1 if (it-is-hot) and
  (the-sky-is-cloudy)
• then (it-will-rain) (0.7)
• R2 if (it-rains) then (road-becomes-flooded
  )
• ????
• ??????????,??????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????,?????????????????
• ?5??????

Edward Feigenbaum
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????(1)chapter 7

• ????(Expert System)??????????????????????
• I965???????????????????????DENDRAL??,?????????????
  ??????????????????????????,???????????????????,???
  ???????

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????(2)

• ??????????????????????????,?????????????????,?????
  ???????????????????????????????,??????????????????
  ?
• ?????????????????????????????,?
• ???? ??? ??? ??????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??,????????,??????,???????????????,???????????????
  ?(Knowledge-Based Systems)?

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????(3)

• ????????????????
• (1)??????????????
• (2)????????
• (3)????????????
• ???????????????????,????????????????????????????
  ???????
• (1)??????????????(?????)
• (2)???????????(?????)
• (3)??????
• (4)??????????????

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????(4)
inference engine
interpreter
?????????
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????(5)

• ????????
• 1977?????????????????? (E.A.Feigenballm)??????????
  ????????????????20??80????,?????????,?????????????
  ?,??EMYCIN?CLIPS(OPS5, OPS83)?G2?KEE?OKPS??
• 1977?,??????????,?????????????????????
• 1985?10????????????????????????????,
  ??????????????
• ????????????????????,?????????????????????????,
• ?????????????????????,
• ?????????????????????OKPS?

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??????????(6)

• AI???? (80????)
• Expert systems Digital Equipment, Teknowledge,
  Intellicorp, Du Pont, oil industry,
• Lisp machines LMI, Symbolics,
• Constraint programming ILOG
• Robotics Machine Intelligence Corporation,
  Adept, GMF (Fanuc), ABB,
• Speech understanding
• ????????????????? (80????)
• ??Agent???
• ???????????????? (90????)

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??????????(7)

• ????? (1)
• ? 60??, MIT???AI??? ????????,??????????
• ???,?????????????????????????
• ?????????????????????????????????????????,???

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??????????(8)

• ????? (2)
• ?1958?, Herbert Simon (CMU)??10??????????????
• ????? 1998??????
• ?70??, ????????????????????????????????
• ??,???? (????????)????????,???????????????

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??????????(9)

• ?????AI??????????????,????????
• Robinson?????????????,?????????????????,??????????
  ?
• ?????
• ????The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak
  (???????),
• ????????????The wine is good but the meat is
  spoiled(????,????)?

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??????

• ???????
• ??????????
• ???????????
• ???????????

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AI??????(1)

• ??????????

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AI??????(2)

• ?????????

65
????

• ???????????
• ????????????,???GPS,?????????????????,???????????
• AI???????????,??????????????,???????????,?????????
  ???????
• ??????????????????,????????????,??????????

• (1)????????????,?????????????,?????????????
• (2)??????????????
• (3)????????,???????????
• (4)????????,????????,????????

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????

• ??????????????
• ????????????,?????????.
• ????,?????????????????,?????????????????
• ?????????????????????????,?????????????

(1)??????????????????,?????????,???,??? (2)???????
?????? (3)??????????,???????????????????????????
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????

• ?????????????????,?????????--??????????????,????
  ?????
• ???????????
• 1???????????????????????????
• 2???????????,?????????????,???????????
• 3???????????????????????????
• 4??????????????????,?????????

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?????????(1)

• ???????????????????,??????????????
• ????-gt????,??-gt???
• ???????????????
• ???,????
• ????????????????
• ?????????????????????????,???????????????????????
  ?????????????
• ??????????????

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?????????(2)

• ??????????????
• McCarthy
• ???????????????
• Minsky
• ??????????????????????????????,???????????(?????
  ?)?
• Dreyfus
• ?????????????????
• ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
  ? ? ? ?

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?????????(3)

• ??
• ?????????????????,????????????????,???????????????
  ????????????????????,????????????????????,??????,?
  ????????,??????????????????
• ?????????,?????????????,??????????????????,????,
  ????????????????????,?????,????????????

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??????

• ???????
• ??????????
• ???????????
• ???????????

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???????????(1)
Parent disciplines of AI
Philosophy Cog. Sc.
Computer Science
Maths.
Psychology
Artificial Intelligence
Subjects covered under AI
Reasoning , Learning, Planning, Perception,
Knowledge acquisition, Intelligence Search,
Uncertainty management, others
Application areas of AI
Language/Image Understanding
Theorem Proving
Game Playing
Robotics Navigation
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???????????(2)

• ??
• ???????????
• ??????
• ???????
• ???????????
• ????

• ??
• ??????
• ????????
• ????
• ??????
• ??
• ????
• ??????
• ????
• ??

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???????????(3)

• ??? IJCAI????????(1)
• Automated Reasoning
• Case-based Reasoning
• Cognitive Modelling
• Constraint Satisfaction
• Distributed AI
• Computer Game Playing
• Knowledge-based Applications
• Machine Learning
• Natural Language Processing
• Planning and Scheduling
• Qualitative Reasoning and Diagnosis

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???????????(4)

• ??? IJCAI????????(2)
• Robotics and Perception
• Search
• Software Agents
• Temporal Reasoning
• Uncertainty and Probabilistic Reasoning
• Neural Networks
• Genetic Algorithms
• Fuzzy Logic
• Philosophy of AI
• Knowledge Representation
• Knowledge Acquisition and Expert Systems

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Topics in This Module

• 1.??????
• 2.???? ????
• 3. ???? ??????????
• 4. ??????

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Assignment

• 1.Talk to Alice at http//alice.pandorabots.com/
• 2. Watch the videos at the module webpage.
• 3. Think about the question that can AI would be
  more intelligent than human.