Englishes in Singapore and India

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Englishes in Singapore and India
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Phonology
Vowel Consonant Suprasegmental
Singaporean English Final vowels ? long vowels -quality ?qualiteeee -shopping ?shoppeeeng th?t three?tree ?d then?den ?f with?wiff Unaspirated p, t, k in Pat, tin, come l, r confusion in brain?blain, play?pray Equalized accents in celebration, anniversary Stress shifts towards the end of the word nOminated ? nominAted
Indian English Diphthong ?monophthong -period p?????d?pir??d No distinction between/?/and/æ/ th? t three? tree ?d that? that Strong r park, car l?lu milk?miluk people ? peoplu Literal pronunciation - Wednesday, silly Stressed suffix - readiness
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Lexicon
Singaporean English Coffee shop (??????), market(v) (??????) Outstatioin(???) Loanwords from Mandarin and Malay Makan(???), jalang-jalang(????), siao(??) Taitai(????), chiao-bu(??????), shake legs (??????) Unique idiomatic forms - I feel so frus (frustrated) - I just go zap this article (photocopy)
Indian English medical hole(??), hotel(?????), cooling-glasses(?????) Bunk(????????), rains (??), cash (??) Guru (??),Pundit (???) to breathe ones last/leave for ones heavenly abode (????) co-brother (??????) You ? yourself, I ? myself
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Syntax
Singaporean English Lack of plural marker one of my lecture Omission of to be Dis house very nice., I still finding. Addition of the verb to be as a tense marker This house was belong his son. Repetition as emphasis Wait wait! Can can! Use of can A Come on Sunday, can or not? B Can./ Can-lah. // Cannot./ No can. Overgeneralized use of it it?/ isnt it as tag questions You are from Japan, is it?
Indian English -ed dropping after k and t -walked ? walk, wanted?want a is used before vowel-initial words - a apple Progressive have and know - He is having three books. - You must be knowing my brother. Repeated adjective instead of using very - cheap-cheap, small-small Overgeneralized use of it it?/ isnt it as tag questions They are coming tomorrow, isnt it?
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Discourse Style
Singaporean English Use of lah/ larh / luh Ok lah. Drink lah! Just drink! Greeting and leavestaking Have you eaten already? (?3?1?4???????????) Walk slowly ho! (?4?3????)
Indian English kind and good as politeness markers - kind information/presence/attention - May I know your good name, please? Simultaneous talk Shake your head when you strongly AGREE!