Parts of Speech 101

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Parts of Speech 101

• Nouns, pronouns, verbs, articles and adjectives

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Throughout this slide, the parts of speech are
color-coded.

• Nouns are red, pronouns pink, verbs green (for
  go!) and articles are blue and adjectives are
  purple.
• This color-coding scheme will be used throughout
  the year. ?

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Nouns

• Most people take it for granted that everyone
  knows what a noun is.
• It is a person, place, thing or idea. They are
  generally the subjects of sentences
• María went to the store. (store is also a noun,
  but it isnt the subject)

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• Try and identify the nouns in the following
  sentences you should find a total of 17 words
  that are nouns. (Remember a first last name
  one noun, 2 words ? )

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• - Late last year our neighbors bought a car.
• - Luciano Pavarotti was an opera singer.
• - The bus inspector looked at all the
  passengers passes.
• - According to Miss Bernard and the ACTFL,
  Spanish is valuable and fun!
• - Freedom is the mortar of a good life.

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• - Late last year our neighbors bought a car.
• - Luciano Pavarotti was an opera singer.
• - The bus inspector looked at all the
  passengers passes.
• - According to Miss Bernard and the ACTFL,
  Spanish is valuable and fun!
• - Freedom is the mortar of a good life.

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Noun Gender

• Many common nouns, like doctor" or "teacher,"
  can refer to men or women. Once upon a time, many
  English nouns would change depending on
  their gender -- for example, a man was called an
  "author" while a woman was called an "authoress"
  -- but this use of gender-specific nouns in
  English is very rare today. Those that are still
  used occasionally tend to refer to occupational
  categories, as in the following sentences.
• Denzel Washington is a very prominent actor.
• Bette Davis was at the height of her career as an
  actress in the 1940s and 50s.
• The manager was trying to write a want ad, but he
  couldn't decide whether he was advertising for a
  "waiter" or a "waitress"

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Noun Gender

• In Spanish, all nouns have gender. This gender
  has nothing to do with it being a boy or girl or
  the perceived masculinity or femininity of the
  noun.
• It is typical of Romance languages (French,
  Italian, Portugese, Romanian). They are called
  romance languages because they descended from
  Latin or the Romanic (Roman) language.

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Noun Gender

• corbata feminine tie
• mano feminine hand
• vestido masculine dress
• agua masculine water
• -- You will notice that the gender of the noun
  has nothing to do with the thing itself. Dress,
  which you might guess would be feminine, isnt-
  tie which you might think is masculine, isnt. It
  has to do with the etymology of the word.
  (Etymology is where the word came from- what
  language it is originally descended from.)

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Noun Gender

• In general, (there are many exceptions) if a
  noun ends in anything other than the letter a
  it is masculine.
• Usually if it ends in a it is feminine.
• Masculine Feminine
• lápiz - pencil mesa - table
• cuaderno - notebook mochila - backpack
• reloj - clock cara - face
• bolígrafo - pen pluma - pen

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Noun Plurals

• Most nouns in English change their form to
  indicate number by adding "-s" or "-es"
• She had one truth teaching.
• Many people do not believe that truths are
  self-evident.
• As they walked through the house, they were
  startled by an echo.
• I like to shout into the Grand Canyon and listen
  to the echoes that return.
• He tripped over a box left in the hallway.
• Since we are moving, we will need many boxes.

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• One box
• Two boxes
• One ox
• Two oxes? nope oxen
• One goose
• Two geese
• One moose
• Two meese? nope moose

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• One mouse
• Two mice
• One house
• Two hice? Nope houses
• One man
• Two men
• One pan
• Two pen? Nope pans

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• One foot
• Two feet
• One boot
• Two beet? Nope boots
• One tooth
• Two teeth
• One booth
• Two beeth? Nope booths
• One knife?
• Two knifes? Nope knives

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Plurals in Spanish

• Like English, most of the time you make a noun
  plural by adding s
• mesas - tables
• manos - hands
• bolígrafos pens
• aguas - waters

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Plurals in Spanish

• Like English, there are exceptions. ?
• The main exception is just to remember if it ends
  in a consonant (anything other than a vowel
  a,e,i,o,u) to add es
• ratón - ratones
• corazón corazones
• lápiz - lápices

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Intentalo!

• In the following sentences, underline the nouns
• If you just learn a single trick, Scout, you'll
  get along a lot better with all kinds of folks.
  You never really understand a person until you
  consider things from his point of view... Until
  you climb inside of his skin and walk around in
  it. 
• Neighbors bring food with death, and flowers with
  sickness, and little things in between. Boo was
  our neighbor. He gave us two soap dolls, a broken
  watch and chain, a knife, and our lives. 

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Intentalo!

• In the following sentences, underline the nouns
• If you just learn a single trick, Scout, you'll
  get along a lot better with all kinds of folks.
  You never really understand a person until you
  consider things from his point of view... Until
  you climb inside of his skin and walk around in
  it. 
• Neighbors bring food with death, and flowers with
  sickness, and little things in between. Boo was
  our neighbor. He gave us two soap dolls, a broken
  watch and chain, a knife, and our lives. 

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Articles

• An article is basically a way to determine which
  one or how many of a noun.
• Please give me a cookie.
• Which cookie? A cookie or any of them.
• This can also mean one cookie.
• Please give me the cookie.
• Which cookie? The cookie a specific one of
  them.
• In English there are basically 3 articles
• A
• An
• The

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Articles

• Articles in Spanish are HUGELY important!
• They actually tell you definitively if the noun
  is masculine or feminine.
• The first 4 types to start are
• el masculine singular
• los masculine plural
• la feminine singular
• las feminine plural

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• So here are some nouns in Spanish, try and add
  the correct article based on the last letter of
  the word. Remember, anything other than a on
  the end is usually masculine. ?
• SINGULAR PLURAL
• papel el papel los papeles
• silla
• cuaderno
• carpeta
• regla
• sombrero
• zapato
• camisa
• el masculine singular
• los masculine plural
• la feminine singular
• las feminine plural

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• So here are some nouns in Spanish, try and add
  the correct article based on the last letter of
  the word. Remember, anything other than a on
  the end is usually masculine. ?
• SINGULAR PLURAL
• papel el papel los papeles
• silla la silla las sillas
• cuaderno el cuaderno los cuadernos
• carpeta la carpeta las carpetas
• regla la regla las reglas
• sombrero el sombrero los sombreros
• zapato el zapato los zapatos
• camisa la camisa las camisas
• el masculine singular
• los masculine plural
• la feminine singular
• las feminine plural

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Articles

• Articles help you when words dont follow the
  rules!
• la mano - the hand
• la foto - the photo
• el día - the day
• el agua - the water

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Intentalo!

• In the following sentences, underline the
  articles
• If you just learn a single trick, Scout, you'll
  get along a lot better with all kinds of folks.
  You never really understand a person until you
  consider things from his point of view... Until
  you climb inside of his skin and walk around in
  it. 
• Neighbors bring food with death, and flowers with
  sickness, and little things in between. Boo was
  our neighbor. He gave us two soap dolls, a broken
  watch and chain, a knife, and our lives. 

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Intentalo!

• In the following sentences, underline the
  articles
• If you just learn a single trick, Scout, you'll
  get along a lot better with all kinds of folks.
  You never really understand a person until you
  consider things from his point of view... Until
  you climb inside of his skin and walk around in
  it. 
• Neighbors bring food with death, and flowers with
  sickness, and little things in between. Boo was
  our neighbor. He gave us two soap dolls, a broken
  watch and chain, a knife, and our lives. 

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Pronouns

• Pronouns simply take the place of a noun.
• They can be used to avoid repetition where the
  specific noun has already been stated.
• Verónica likes to sing. She is really good at it!
  She was at Karaoke the other night and she sang
  my favorite song!
• OR
• Verónica likes to sing. Verónica is really good
  at it. Verónica was at Karaoke the other night
  and Verónica sang my favorite song.

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Pronouns

• Personal Pronouns in English are pretty simple
• SINGULAR PLURAL
• I 1st person we
• you 2nd person you
• he / she 3rd person they

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Pronouns

• Personal Pronouns in Spanish are similar
• SINGULAR PLURAL
• yo (I) 1st person nosotros (we)
• tú (you) 2nd person vosotros (you-
  Spain)
• él (he) /ella (she) 3rd person ellos/as
  (they)

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Intentalo!

• In the following sentences, underline the
  pronouns
• If you just learn a single trick, Scout, you'll
  get along a lot better with all kinds of folks.
  You never really understand a person until you
  consider things from his point of view... Until
  you climb inside of his skin and walk around in
  it. 
• Neighbors bring food with death, and flowers with
  sickness, and little things in between. Boo was
  our neighbor. He gave us two soap dolls, a broken
  watch and chain, a knife, and our lives. 

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Intentalo!

• In the following sentences, underline the
  pronouns
• If you just learn a single trick, Scout, you'll
  get along a lot better with all kinds of folks.
  You never really understand a person until you
  consider things from his point of view... Until
  you climb inside of his skin and walk around in
  it. 
• Neighbors bring food with death, and flowers with
  sickness, and little things in between. Boo was
  our neighbor. He gave us two soap dolls, a broken
  watch and chain, a knife, and our lives. 

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Verbs

• The verb is a very important part of the sentence
  because it says something about the subject and
  expresses actions, events or a state of being
  regarding the subject.
• The verb or compound verb is the critical element
  of the predicate of a sentence.
• The predicate is pretty much the entire sentence
  after you locate the subject.
• On the next slide, try and locate the verbs and
  compound verbs.

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• Dracula bites his victims on the neck.
• Frankenstein was a monster.
• Education can be fun!
• She had been to Europe with her Spanish class.

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• Dracula bites his victims on the neck.
• Frankenstein was a monster.
• Education can be fun!
• She had been to Europe with her Spanish class.

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Infinitives

• The most basic form of a verb is an infinitive
  usually the first entry in a dictionary. It
  hasnt been conjugated, in other words, you dont
  know who the subject is yet.
• Examples to be, to do, to run, to walk, to
  think, to describe, to talk, etc.
• In English, infinitives are usually proceeded by
  the word to indicating that no subject has been
  chosen.
• When you conjugate a verb, you have chosen a
  subject and change the verb from (for example) to
  be into I am, she is, they are, etc.

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Conjugation of verbs

• Examples
• Dracula to bite his victims on the neck. wrong
  ?
• Dracula bites his victims on the neck. - CORRECT
• So, if you wouldnt say, Dracula to bite his
  victims on the neck. then why the change to
  bites?
• Because, when you conjugate a verb, you change
  the verb to match the subject that it refers to.
  It kinda makes sense when you think about it. If
  the verb tells you what the subject is doing,
  they have to agree with each other.
• Example
• She are very smart. ?
• She is very smart. ?

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Conjugation of verbs

• Some bad examples
• I is very smart.
• You is a good friend.
• He am a nice guy.
• She are in my class.
• We is doing okay now.
• They is annoying.
• On a piece of paper, fix the verb in these
  sentences. ?

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Conjugation of verbs

• Fixed examples
• I am very smart.
• You are a good friend.
• He is a nice guy.
• She is in my class.
• We are doing okay now.
• They are annoying.

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Infinitives in Spanish

• The infinitives also are easy to spot and there
  are only 3 TYPES! Instead of to in the front,
  they ALL end in either
• AR
• ER
• IR
• Examples Hablar to talk/to speak
• Comer - to eat
• Escribir to write

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Verbs in Spanish

• Just like in English, they have to agree with the
  subject.
• Unlike English, when you conjugate them, there is
  actually a common rule for each type of verb.
• For example, to conjugate the verb hablar (to
  talk/speak) you take off the last 2 letters
  leaving the stem of the verb- the verb
  doesnt flower until you conjugate it! ?
• After you are left with the stem , add the
  endings in this order
• yo habl o nosotros habl amos
• tú habl as vosotros habl áis
• él/ella habl a ellos/as habl an

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Conjugating

• So for all regular ar verbs, you can conjugate
  any of them! Just follow these steps
• Remove the last 2 letters of the infinitive to
  get the stem
• Decide who is the subject (I, you, he, we, the
  class, Miss Bernard, etc.)
• Add the ending for that person
• SINGULAR PLURAL
• O 1st person AMOS
• AS 2nd person ÁIS
• A 3rd person AN

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Conjugating
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Intentalo!

• Try it with this verb
• Cantar (to sing) stem cant
• SINGULAR PLURAL
• yo cant ___ nosotros cant ____
• tú cant ___ vostoros cant ____
• él/ella cant ____ ellos/as cant ____

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Vamos a ver

• Lets see how you did with this verb
• Cant-AR (to sing)
• yo canto nosotros cantamos
• tú cantas vostoros cantáis
• él/ella canta ellos/as cantan
• Nice job making the verb flower

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Verbs in Spanish

• Just like in English, verbs have to agree with
  the subject.
• Unlike English, the ending of the conjugated
  verb will actually tell you who is speaking! (how
  cool!)
• To see what I mean, look at the next slide in
  English

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• SINGULAR PLURAL
• I talk 1st person we talk
• you talk 2nd person you talk
• he/she talks 3rd person they talk
• - So if you take away the pronoun, can you tell
  who is the subject? NO.
• Talk every day. (Sounds like a command, right?)
  I might have meant that WE talk every day or that
  I talk every day. See what I mean? ?

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• SINGULAR PLURAL
• yo hablo nosotros hablamos
• tú hablas vosotros habláis
• él habla /ella habla ellos hablan
• In Spanish, many times (not always) the pronoun
  is optional.
• Hablas mucho! (You talk a lot!)
• Tú hablas mucho! (You talk a lot!)
• They mean exactly the same thing. You can add
  the pronoun for emphasis, but either way, its
  understood from the ending (as) that YOU or
  tú is the subject no one else could be.
• You cant say Yo hablas it is kind of like
  saying I speaks.

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Intentalo!

• In the following sentences, underline the verbs
• If you just learn a single trick, Scout, you'll
  get along a lot better with all kinds of folks.
  You never really understand a person until you
  consider things from his point of view... Until
  you climb inside of his skin and walk around in
  it. 
• Neighbors bring food with death, and flowers with
  sickness, and little things in between. Boo was
  our neighbor. He gave us two soap dolls, a broken
  watch and chain, a knife, and our lives. 

48
Intentalo!

• In the following sentences, underline the verbs
• If you just learn a single trick, Scout, you'll
  get along a lot better with all kinds of folks.
  You never really understand a person until you
  consider things from his point of view... Until
  you climb inside of his skin and walk around in
  it. 
• Neighbors bring food with death, and flowers with
  sickness, and little things in between. Boo was
  our neighbor. He gave us two soap dolls, a broken
  watch and chain, a knife, and our lives. 

49
Adjectives

• An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun by
  describing, identifying, or quantifying words. An
  adjective usually precedes the noun or the
  pronoun which it modifies.
• In the following examples, the highlighted words
  are adjectives
• The truck-shaped balloon floated over the
  treetops.
• Mrs. Morrison papered her kitchen walls
  with hideous wall paper.
• The small boat foundered on the dark sea.
• The coal mines are dark and dank.
• Many stores have already begun to
  play irritating Christmas music.
• A battered music box sat on the mahogany sideboard
  .
• The back room was filled with large, yellow rain
  boots.

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Adjectives

• As you can tell from the previous examples,
  adjectives are not always words like big, red,
  curly, tall, dark, small, etc. They can come from
  nouns that are used to modify other nouns, like
  kitchen walls. What kind of walls? kitchen walls.
  By itself, kitchen is normally a noun, but
  combined with another noun, it becomes the
  modifier and an adjective. ?

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Adjectives

• In Spanish, adjectives have to agree in number
  and gender with the noun they are modifying.
• For instance, if I want to write that I have
  short hair, I have to make sure the adjective
  agrees with the noun hair being masculine
  (pelo) and singular.
• I have short hair. Tengo pelo corto.
• You may notice that the adjective is placed after
  the noun in Spanish. This is almost always the
  case.

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Adjectives

• There is a lot to learn with adjectives and we
  will go into more depth later in the course. For
  now, it is enough that you know they modify nouns
  and that they agree in gender and number when in
  Spanish. ?

53
Intentalo!

• In the following sentences, underline the
  adjectives
• If you just learn a single trick, Scout, you'll
  get along a lot better with all kinds of folks.
  You never really understand a person until you
  consider things from his point of view... Until
  you climb inside of his skin and walk around in
  it. 
• Neighbors bring food with death, and flowers with
  sickness, and little things in between. Boo was
  our neighbor. He gave us two soap dolls, a broken
  watch and chain, a knife, and our lives. 

54
Intentalo!

• In the following sentences, underline the
  adjectives
• If you just learn a single trick, Scout, you'll
  get along a lot better with all kinds of folks.
  You never really understand a person until you
  consider things from his point of view... Until
  you climb inside of his skin and walk around in
  it. 
• Neighbors bring food with death, and flowers with
  sickness, and little things in between. Boo was
  our neighbor. He gave us two soap dolls, a broken
  watch and chain, a knife, and our lives. 

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No se preocupen!

• Dont worry!
• I know we have covered a lot this week about
  grammar in English and Spanish, but it will pay
  dividends if you paid attention, took notes and
  refer back to this slide show throughout the year
  on the website. ?

This slide show is not intended to diagnose,
treat, cure or prevent any disease, lol! Just
kidding but its not intended as a comprehensive
overview, just a start. ?