Jefferson-Jackson

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Jefferson-Jackson

• 1800-1824

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The Revolution of 1800

• By 1800 the Federalists had lost support with the
  passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts
• They also raised taxes and built a navy for the
  possible war which did not happen
• Adams became known as the Father of the American
  Navy
• They also attacked Jefferson claiminga) he had
  fathered children with a slaveb) he was an
  atheistc) he had robbed a widow of her trust fund

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• Jefferson won the election (73-65) Adams won the
  popular vote
• He tied with his vice president Aaron Burr and so
  the decision went to the House which was
  controlled by the Federalists
• Hamilton and Adams persuaded several people to
  change their vote and thus the election went to
  Jefferson
• There had been a peaceful revolution
• Adams was the last Federalist president, but
  there were still Federalists in powerful
  positions in Washington

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Jefferson

• In 1801, Jefferson was sworn into office in the
  new capital, Washington D.C.
• Jefferson told the nation that all Americans
  were Federalists, all were Republicans
• He also promised to stop foreign alliance, but be
  friends with all nations
• He pardoned those who had been accused under the
  Sedition Act and returned the time limit for
  naturalization from 14 to 5 years
• He retained the banking system that Hamilton had
  created, but removed the excise tax

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Midnight Judges

• In 1801, before leaving office, the federalists
  passed the Judiciary Act which packed the court
  system with Federalists
• One of the last appointments was William Marbury
  who was named a justice of the peace for the
  capital
• Secretary of State James Madison decided to
  eliminate the position, Jefferson told him to
  withhold the letter
• Marbury sued Madison for a court order (writ of
  mandamus) ordering Madison to deliver

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Marbury vs. Madison (1803)

• John Marshall arch Federalist wrote the opinion
  that Marbury deserved the commission, but that
  the Court had no jurisdiction
• Marshall claimed the Judiciary Act of 1789 was
  unconstitutional
• The Supreme Court would now decide the
  constitutionality of laws (judicial review)
• The next year, in 1804 Jefferson tried to impeach
  Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase, but lacked
  the votes in the Senate the last time anyone
  would try to impeach a Justice

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Jeffersons Navy

• Jefferson reduced the size of the militia and the
  navy
• But pirates on the Barbary Coast were still
  attacking American ships
• In 1801 the pasha of Tripoli cut down the flag at
  the American consulate thereby declaring war
• Jefferson was perplexed as to what to do
• He sent the American navy to North Africa where
  it fought for 4 years
• In 1805 the pasha signed a peace treaty which
  paid America 60,000

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• Jefferson became enamored with the small and fast
  navy that had been successful against the pirates
• He invested thousands of dollars in building more
  but these small ships were basically useless
  against large battleships

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Louisiana Purchase

• In 1800 Napoleon secretly forced Spain to give
  Louisiana to the French
• In 1802 the Spanish at New Orleans negated the
  treaty of 1795 which allowed Americans to use the
  Mississippi River
• Without New Orleans the farmers in the Midwest
  had no means of getting their produce to market
• In 1803 Jefferson sent James Monroe and Robert
  Livingston to France to negotiate a deal for New
  Orleans and as much land as possible for 10
  million

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• Napoleon, desperate for money and disillusioned
  by the revolt in Haiti, offered New Orleans and
  all the land to the west for 15 million!
• The deal was signed in 1803
• The purchase caused Jefferson some problems
  while the deal was unbelievable it was not
  mentioned in the Constitution
• The Senate quickly approved the deal and the
  United States doubled in size overnight (roughly
  3 per acre and would allow future presidents to
  purchase more land

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Lewis and Clark

• In 1804 Jefferson sent William Clark and
  Meriwether Lewis to explore the purchased land
• Lewis and Clark with the help of a Shoshoni
  Indian, Sacajawea, spent over 2 years exploring
  the region they went as far as the Pacific
  Ocean
• Zebulon Pike explored the Mississippi River and
  named Pikes Peak

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Aaron Burr

• With the Louisiana Purchase the power of New
  England and the Federalists was waning
• The Essex Junto led by Thomas Pickering
  considered secession
• They contacted Burr who was no favorite of
  Jefferson
• In 1804 Burr lost a chance at the governorship of
  New York
• Hamilton warned that vice president Burr was
  dangerous man

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• Hamilton and Burr had a dual, Hamilton refused to
  fire
• Hamilton was shot and killed so was Burrs
  career
• Indicted for debt and murder the Burr went to
  Spanish-held Florida before returning to
  Washington
• So long as he stayed away from New York and New
  Jersey he was safe
• He met General James Wilkinson and hatched the
  Burr Conspiracy

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• The whole matter is not clear but it seems like
  they were trying to get Louisiana to secede and
  become an independent republic
• In 1807 Burr learned Jefferson was going to have
  him arrested and was caught trying to flee to
  Florida
• He was charged with treason but since the
  prosecution failed to produce two witnesses he
  was acquitted but with more charges likely he
  left for France, but returned to New York in 1812

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The Second term

• Jefferson easily won (162-14) the 1804 election
• War between Britain and France was seriously
  hurting American trade
• In 1806 the Orders in Council shut ports under
  French control to foreign ships unless they
  stopped at Britain first
• Napoleon then ordered all ships that entered
  British ports to be seized
• Several thousand American sailors were impressed

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• In 1807 the American ship Chesapeake was stopped
  by the British frigate Leopard off the coast of
  Virginia but in international water
• Four sailors were ordered arrested as deserters
• The American captain refused to hand over the men
• The British ship fired and killed 3 Americans,
  before the Americans surrendered
• The British arrested the four deserters
• Even though Britain was wrong, Jefferson refused
  to be drawn into war much like Washington and
  Adams

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Embargo Act (1807)

• To stop French and British aggression Jefferson
  resorted to an Embargo Act
• The act prohibited exports from America
  regardless of the nationality of the ship
  involved
• New England merchants went bankrupt!Farmers in
  the South and West could not export
  cottonSmuggling increased dramatically as did
  trade with Canada
• Congress repealed the act in 1809

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James Madison

• Jefferson refused to run for a third term
• Madison took the oath in 1809 he was bald,
  short, and a poor speaker, but he was from
  Virginia Virginia dynasty
• Madison defeated George Clinton of New York
  122-47
• He advocated Jeffersons policy of peaceful
  coercion the Nonintercourse Act

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Non-Intercourse Act

• Replaced the Embargo Act and reopened trade to
  all nations except Britain and France
• The Embargo failed becausea) the Americans
  underestimated the Britishb) Jefferson ended the
  embargo before it could really have an affect
• The embargo did help the Federalists who
  campaigned for New England
• Ironically the embargo did force the Americans to
  develop their own industry

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Macons Bill No. 2

• In 1810 Congress passed Macons Bill No. 2 which
  permitted world trade and would allow trade with
  Britain or France IF either dropped their
  commercial restrictions
• Napoleon declared the French would comply
• Madison declared America would trade with France
• Napoleon lied he never intended to lift the
  restrictions
• But America became very anti-British

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War Hawks

• In 1811, Henry Clay of Kentucky was appointed
  Speaker of the House
• Clay wanted to remove the Indian threat from the
  frontier
• Two Shawnee brothers, Tecumseh and the Prophet
  urged the Indians to fight back
• The Indians wanted to keep their land unless
  there had been proper negotiations
• William Henry Harrison attacked Tecumsehs
  headquarters at Tippecanoe

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• Harrison burned the Indian camp
• In 1813 at the Battle of the Thames Tecumseh was
  killed and so ended the Indian confederacy
• In 1814 Andrew Jackson defeated the Creek at the
  Battle of Horseshoe Bend opening up the entire
  Mississippi area
• The war hawks had claimed the British had been
  helping the Indians

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War of 1812

• Two days before Congress declared war London
  suspended the Orders in Council
• The House voted 79-49 and the Senate 19-13 for
  war with Britain all the votes for war coming
  from the south and west Mr. Madisons war
• The Americans wanteda) to stop impressmentb)
  possibly add Canada
• The Republicans were allied more to the French
  and helped fuel the debate

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• The war was one of the worst wars ever fought
• There wasa) no burning national anger for
  warb) a poor armyc) inept plans to invade
  Canada all 3 American attacks were beaten back
• Washington was burned by the British
• Only real American victory was at New Orleans
  were Jackson was able to defeat the arrogant
  British but even that was after the war had
  officially ended
• After the war the British again started raiding
  American ships

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Treaty of Ghent

• Negotiations started before the end of fighting
• Signed 1814 was only an armistice and ignored the
  demands of both sides
• Only 6,000 Americans had been killed or wounded
• Heroes like Harrison and Jackson emerged
• The leading British politicians were all at the
  Vienna and those at Ghent were just messengers
• Anxious to end the war and save money the British
  put away their demands

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Hartford Convention

• When the fall of New Orleans seemed imminent
  representatives from MA, CT, NH, RI, and VT
  secretly met in Hartford to discuss their
  grievances and create a plan of action
• Some talked of secession but most wanted
  compensation for lost trade
• Three special envoys were sent to Washington to
  approach Congress but news of New Orleans
  forced them to leave in disgrace
• The Hartford Convention was the end of the
  Federalists

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Nationalism

• After the Second War of Independence Americans
  became very nationalistic
• Authors like James Fenimore Cooper and Washington
  Irving became famous
• Washington was rebuilt better than before
• American painters painted their nation
• History books were written by Americans
• American ships now forced the Barbary pirates to
  pay tribute for damage

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The Tariff of 1816

• After the war British merchants dumped their
  goods in America for very cheap prices
• Congress responded with the Tariff of 1816 the
  first tariff designed to protect industry it
  put a 20-25 tariff on imports
• When Congress distributed funds to the states to
  help with internal improvements Madison vetoed
  the legislation claiming it was unconstitutional

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The Second National Bank

• The first bank expired in 1811 but growing
  nationalism, protective tariffs, and internal
  improvements all demanded a national bank for
  regulation
• State banks had appeared almost overnight but
  their money had little or no value
• Plus the country needed a national bank
• In 1816 Congress adopted provisions for a new
  bank of the United States (B.U.S.) located in
  Philadelphia and to run for 20 years

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• The federal government would own a fifth of the
  stock and named 5 of the 25 directors
• The bank also was a depository for federal funds
• In return the bank could not charge the
  government and had to lend 5 million on demand,
  and pay the government a cash bonus of 1.5
  million

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James Monroe

• Another Virginian and Secretary of State and
  easily overwhelmed the Federalist Rufus King of
  New York (183-34)
• A staunch Republican, Monroe lacked the skills of
  his predecessors but worked much harder
• He surrounded himself with some of the greatest
  minds in American historyJohn Quincy Adams
  secretary of stateJohn C. Calhoun headed the
  war departmentHenry Clay Speaker of the House

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The Era of Good Feeling

• After the defeat of the Federalists in 1816
  Monroe enjoyed almost one-party rule
• This time was known as the Era of Good Feelings
  but not everything was good
• The Panic of 1819 caused the first major economic
  panic since Independencea) deflationb)
  unemploymentc) overcrowded debtor prisonsd)
  bankruptciese) bank failures

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• The major cause had been over-speculation in
  western land
• The Bank of the United States went into debt and
  was soon viewed with suspicion and anger

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Rush-Bagot Agreement 1817

• Tried to resolve the issues left by the Treaty of
  Ghent
• Britain and America agreed to limit ships on the
  Great Lakes, but made no reference to land
  borders
• The Convention of 1818a) The northern limits of
  the Louisiana Purchase were set at 49th
  parallelb) All land west of the Rockies would be
  settled by British and Americansc) Americans
  gained the right to fish off Newfoundland

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Growing pains

• Between 1791 and 1819 nine frontier states joined
  the Union
• Land inn the West was cheap Ohio Fever
• In 1811 the Cumberland Road (Maryland to
  Illinois) was started
• But the West was politically weak
• The land Act of 1820 sold land in the West for
  1.25 an acre in cash (80 acres)
• The new issue was going to be slavery

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Missouri Compromise

• Just as the Panic was taking effect the issue of
  slavery rose in prominence
• In 1819 there were equal slave and free states
• The line between the north and south was clear at
  the Ohio River some slavery did exist in the
  north but it was on the way out
• There had been no attempt to extend the line
  across the Louisiana Purchase where slavery had
  existed since Spanish control
• In 1819 the House was asked to pass legislation
  so Missouri could draft a constitution

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• Missouri met the requirements to be accepted but
  the House balked at acceptance
• The Tallmadge Amendment provided that no more
  slaves be brought into the slave and freeing
  those at age twenty-five who would be born when
  Missouri became a state
• The vote passed on party lines, but was rejected
  in the Senate
• Southerners say the loss of slavery in any state
  as a threat to slavery in all states
• The population the north was growing much faster
  so any political balance would need to be in the
  Senate

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• When Maine applied for statehood there was a
  solution
• Missouri would be slave Maine would be free
• A line was drawn along the southern border of
  Missouri slavery was prohibited north of the
  line 36 30
• Jefferson called the Missouri Compromise a
  firebell in the night

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Adamss Transcontinental Treaty

• 1819 was a major date in American history- the
  slavery questions- the financial panic- the end
  of the Era of Good Feelings- Supreme Court
  decisions
• But there was the Florida question
• Spain still controlled Florida but it was almost
  in name only
• The region was considered a problem for the
  Americans who saw the Creeks as a problem and a
  haven for those escaping justice

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• In the Pinckney treaty (1795) Spain had promised
  to maintain order but now could not
• In 1817 the settlers clashed with Seminole
  Indians, burned their village and killed several
  people, the rest fled to Florida
• Secretary of War Calhoun gave Andrew Jackson
  command of the army to pursue the troublemakers
  into Florida but not to attack any Spanish
  settlement
• Within four months the Florida panhandle was in
  American hands

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• Jackson had fought troublemakers, Indians and
  destroyed a Spain outpost
• Spain was furious most wanted to publicly
  admonish Jackson but were privately pleased with
  his tactics
• Americans left the panhandle but knew they could
  return when they pleased
• In 1819 Secretary of State John Quincy Adams
  obtained from Spain all of Florida and the
  western part of the Louisiana Territory to the
  Pacific in return for payment of Spanish debts up
  to 5 million
• Florida was an American territory

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John Marshall

• Chief Justice John Marshall dominated the Supreme
  Court for 34 years
• A cousin of Jefferson, he was a staunch
  Federalist who established the power of the
  Supreme Court and strengthened the federal
  government by taking power away from the states
• Apart from being involved in Marbury vs. Madison
  (1803) he was also instrumental in several other
  key legal cases

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Legal Cases

• Fletcher vs. Peck (1810)Georgia legislature gave
  away 35 million acres of land after being bribed.
  The next legislature cancelled the contract.
  Marshall said the states had to recognize the
  contract. Invalidated states law which
  conflicted with the Constitution.
• McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819)Marshall prohibited
  the state of Maryland from taxing the Bank of the
  United States the Court ruled that the
  government had to do what was necessary and
  proper to carry out policy. It sanctioned the
  use of implied powers

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• Dartmouth College vs. Woodward (1819)New
  Hampshire could not change the charter of
  Dartmouth College since it was a contract
• Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824)Marshall said Congress
  controlled interstate commerce
• This became the basis of the Civil Rights Act of
  1964, which prohibited discrimination in public
  accommodation

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Monroe Doctrine (1823)

• The Monroe Doctrine was the result of careful
  planning by Adams who realized that European
  powers were not going to invade America
• Aimed specifically at the Russians the Monroe
  Doctrine stated that no colonization of America
  would happen again nor could European powers
  interfere in Latin American affairs
• The doctrine was not law and for many years no
  one paid it much attention. It was not a policy
  until 1845 -but it was very nationalistic

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The American System

• In 1824 Henry Clay proposed his American
  Systema) a strong banking systemb) protective
  tariffsc) road works and canals (Ohio Valley)

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