Nationalism and Sectionalism

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Nationalism and Sectionalism

• Unit Three
• Chapter 7

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Lets Review!

• Past and future Presidents
• Significant Events

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What sort of issues did we have before the war
after the war

• Establishing a govt
• Staying neutral
• B/t GB FR
• Debt
• Growthmore land
• Taxes/Revenue
• War

• Finding our place among other nations
• Industrial growth
• Transportation
• Opening the west
• Population growth
• Growing pains

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Good feelings how?

• Internal improvements
• Building roads, canals, transportation
• Protective Tariff (tax on imports)
• Tariff of 1816
• Raise revenue for internal improvements and
  protect American businesses from cheap British
  goods by placing high import taxes on them

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Good feelings, continued.

• Established 2nd National Bank in 1816
• Elections
• Federalist Party (gone after 1812)
• Dominant party Republican
• 1808 1812 James Madison
• 1816 1820 James Monroe

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A growing and young nation

• 1780 2.7 million people in US, 13 states
• 1830 12 million people in US, 24 states
• Causes
• Not immigration, for now
• More children born to each family
• 1800-1840, usually 5 kids per family
• High infant mortality rate
• Low median age
• Most of population was young (in 1820, most under
  17 todays is 33).
• Young couples dreamed of working hard to make a
  good future for their families.
• The place to make their dream come true was the
  Trans-Appalachia (west of App Mtns).

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A Transportation Revolution
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A Transportation Revolution

• Steam Power
• James Watt used steam engine to make textiles
• Robert Fulton used steam power for a ship
• The Clermont
• Fultons ship that traveled upriver, against the
  current
• By 1820s, 69 steamboats were on the rivers of
  Americas West.

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A Transportation Revolution Roads

• Roads
• Used to move goods, migrate west, communicate,
  run their govt.
• Federal/National Rd.
• Built to last, financed by Fed Govt.
• Maryland to Ohio, today called US Route 40.
• Turnpike Highways where a toll must be paid
• Corduroy Rd Whole logs used to surface the road
• Plank Rd planks used on roads

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A Transportation RevolutionCanals

• Canals
• Waterways cheapest way to carry goods, but they
  dont go everywhere.
• So, Americans built artificial waterways
  (canals).
• Mostly built in Northeast
• Erie Canal (1825) connected Hudson River and
  Lake Erie.
• Increased rate of settlement development of all
  Great Lakes Region

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A Transportation Revolution Railroads

• While better roads aided transportation, RR
  proved far more durable and efficient for moving
  goods and people.
• Used Watts steam technology to develop a steam
  locomotive.
• In 1828, construction began on the first American
  RR in Baltimore, MD.
• Baltimore and Ohio (B O) line.
• By 1840, the nation had over 3,300 miles of track
  on several different linesmore than any other
  country in the world!

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We are a new MOBILE society!

• Increased availability of goods flow of info
• Women no longer needed help of whole family to
  produce household necessities good bad
• Women were alone in housework
• White Americans could pack up and move!
• Head west

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Effects of our new mobile society

• Slaves moved west with owners.
• Major cause of death among Native Americans
  still disease from white settlers
• Life in the West!

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Life in the West Crossing the Appalachians

• In 1828, James Hall wrote Letters from the West.
• This captured the mood of the nation on the move.
• He said, the innumerable caravans of adventurers
  who are daily crowding to the West in search of
  homesproduce a constant succession of visitors
  of every class and of almost every nation.

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Pioneers move west
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Pioneers move west!

• By 1830s, hundreds of thousands of people living
  north of Ohio River Valley.
• New states Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois
• Journey was long and difficult.
• Settlers moved as families
• Young men traveled alone
• Old America seems to be breaking up and moving
  westward. We are seldom out of sight, as we
  travel on this grand track towards the Ohio, of
  family groups behind and before us, some
  intending to go to a particular spot, close to
  a brother perhaps, or to a friend who has gone
  before and reported well of the country.

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Pioneers arrive on their new land!

• Once they settled, they faced a heavy burden of
  work.
• Must clear the land, plant a crop, build a house.
• With hand tools and good ole muscle
• Used fire to clear some undergrowth
• Planted corn

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The Legend Daniel Boone

• In 1775, he was employed by Transylvania Co.
• Supposed to cut the Wilderness Rd
• Became main road to Trans-Appalachia
• Member of KY state legislature
• Famous form being a bold and tough pioneer

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Expansion into Florida

• AL, LA, and Miss were getting crowded.
• US acquired FL in 1795 through the
• Pinckney Treaty
• Named for American diplomatic creator Thomas
  Pinckney
• It accomplished
• 1.) The Southern boundary of the US was set at
  31N latitude, leaving FL firmly in Spanish
  hands.
• 2.) US citizens would be allowed free use of the
  Miss River thru Spanish territory.
• 3.) Spain and US agreed to control the Indians
  living within each countrys territories and to
  prevent them from attacking the other countrys
  territory.

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Expansion into Florida (cont.)

• In the 1810s Spain dealt with rebellions in its
  South American colonies.
• Paid little attention to Florida.
• Allowed Seminoles, Indians in FL, to attack
  Southern Georgia.
• Americans didnt like Seminoles b/c they let
  escaped slaves live with them.
• General in charge of protecting US settlers was
  Andrew Jackson.
• Told Pres Monroe, that the possession of the
  Floridas would be desirable to the United States,
  and in sixty days it will be accomplished.
• Pres Monroe did not openly encourage him, but
  Jackson still invaded Florida.
• He succeeded and Americans applauded him (Spain
  didnt)

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Florida is all ours bwah-ha-ha!

• Monroe (and his Sec of State, John Quincy Adams)
  tried to make the best of Jacksons actions.
• Adams accused Spain of breaking the Pinckney
  Treaty by failing to control the Seminoles.
• Adams-Onis Treaty
• B/t Adams Spains rep Onis y Gonzales
• Spain agreed to cede (give up) FL to US
• Spain also gave up claim to Pacific Northwest
• Now, for the 1st time, the US stretched from the
  Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean.
• Set boundary b/t LA Purchase and Spanish
  Territory
• In fact, US ceded large amount of modern day
  Texas.

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African American Pioneers

• An estimated 98,000 slaves moved west with their
  owners from 1790-1810.
• Another 338,000 came from Africa.
• North of the Ohio River, slavery was forbidden
  (free slaves could live there).
• Not supported as white Americans didnt want to
  compete with African Americans for jobs/land.
• Some laws required African Americans to pay
  1,000 to move to Illinois, while white people
  paid nothing.

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Native Americans forced west

• Most Indians were forced to move during this
  time.
• Lost land to US Govt thru unfair treaties.
• Diseases brought by white settlers were the main
  reason for population dwindling.
• While many fought to keep their culture, the
  Cherokee decided to adapt.

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Cherokee chose to adapt!

• Under a leader, John Ross, the Cherokee created a
  legal system and govt that blended Indian and
  European traditions.
• No more common-owning property
• No have private property
• They practiced slavery and had 1,300 African
  slaves.
• They became farmers and used a newspaper.
• A leader Sequoyah, invented an alphabet they
  used.
• In 1827, they declared themselves and independent
  nation!
• Worked for a little while, but white settlers
  were too hungry for land.

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The Industrial Revolution!!!
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The Industrial Revolution (cont.)

• Americans pursued profit with the same energy
  that they pursued self-improvement and virtue.
• How to make a profit?
• Use new inventions
• Produce materials faster and cheaper
• Industrial Revolution
• Effort to increase production by using machines
  powered by sources other than animals humans.

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How it all started

• Began in Britain.
• With improvement in textiles
  (cloth).
• James Watts
• Invented Steam Engine
• GB guarded its secrets
• If you knew about inventions, you couldnt
  emigrate (move out of GB).
• Samuel Slater ruined it!
• Brought textile mills to US

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Industrial Innovation in America Eli Whitney

• Eli Whitney
• In 1796, told Govt he would make 10,000 guns in
  2 yrs.
• Then, had to make individual parts then make
  them fit together.
• Whitney thought, what if all the parts were made
  exactly alike and could be used on any gun
• He never did it, but he came up w/ the idea of
• Interchangeable Parts
• Where all parts are made to an exact standard.

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Eli Whitneys Cotton Gin

• In 1793, he noticed the time and effort it took
  to clean cotton seeds from cotton fibers.
• 1793 1 lb. cotton/day
• Invented Cotton Gin
• Machine that separates the seeds from raw cotton
  fibers.
• Gin machine/engine
• Now, worker could clean 1,000 lbs cotton/day

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Cotton Gins Important Effects

• 1.) Profit/lb of cotton skyrockets more cotton
  planted for harvest.
• Exports rose 6,000 b/t 1790-1815
• 2.) Many Southern planters began to depend on
  cotton as their only major crop, b/c it was so
  profitable.
• 3.) Planters looked for new land where they could
  grow more cotton (mostly in AL, MS, LA, TX).
• 4.) More African slaves to keep up w/ work on
  larger plantations.
• Slave population up to 1.5 million in 1820.

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Cotton Gin in a nutshell

• The cotton gin helped keep the southern states a
  land of slavery and of farming, while the
  northern states became a land of free labor
  and of industry.
• These fundamental differences will cause
  friction
• Civil war anyone?

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Famous Inventors their creations
Date Inventor and Invention/Innovation
1787 John Fitch, 1st American Steamboat
1790 Samuel Slater, water-powered cotton-processor
1793 Eli Whitney, cotton gin
1795 Robert Fulton, steam shovel (for digging canals)
1798 Eli Whitney, mass produces muskets w/ standard measures and interchangeable parts
1807 Robert Fulton, launches Clermont (1st commercially successful steamboat)
1814 Frances C. Lowell, opens 1st completely mechanized cotton mill
1820 William Underwood, opens canning factory
1826 Samuel Morey, patents an internal combustion engine
1828 Joseph Henry, electromagnet
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5th Pres James Monroe

• 1817-1825
• Missouri Compromise is made during his
  administration.
• We will look at his administration more in detail
  next chapter!

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Important cabinet memberJohn Quincy Adams

• Secretary of State
• Hmmm. Why is this job special?
• Son of John Adams
• Going to be next President
• Guru of foreign affairs
• Adams-Onis Treaty
• Oregon
• Monroe Doctorine

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Problems for Monroe

• Battle with GB over Great Lakes and boundary of
  Canada
• Settlements
• GB ended asst with natives
• Rush-Bagot Treaty
• US GB removed all warships from Great Lakes,
  demilitarized entire 3000 mile border
• Convention of 1818
• US ships could fish in Canadian waters
• Set N boundary of LA purchase (49th parallel) and
  gave join occupation of Oregon for 10 years

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More problems

• Spanish Florida boundary dispute
• Seminole Creek attacks against GA
• A. Jackson chased Seminole into FL and seized
  Pensacola
• Settlement
• Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)
• Spain cedes FL to USA set boundary of LA
  territory
• Russia claimed Alaska south to Oregon
• Russians agreed to withdraw from Oregon had too
  much land to govern

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Monroe Doctrine Go JQA!

• Supposed to solve problems with
• Latin America
• Spanish colonies declare indep.
• USA feels need to protect them
• Quadruple Alliance
• Set up in Europe to suppress ideas of FR Rev.
• Worried actions might spread to US
• Austria, Britain, Russia, Prussia
• Pacific Coast of North America
• Russia in Oregon

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USA Statement you mess with Latin America, you
mess with us!

• Monroe Doctrine
• 1.) The U.S. would not get involved
  in any internal affairs of European
  countries, nor would it take sides in
  wars among them.
• 2.) The U.S. recognized the existing colonies and
  states in the W.H. and would not interfere with
  them.
• 3.) The U.S. would not permit any further
  colonization of the W.H.
• 4.) Any attempt by any European power to control
  any nation in the W.H. would be viewed as a
  hostile action toward the U.S.

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• Post-War Boom Panic
• Economic prosperity in 1815.
• Republican party dominated politics, Federalists
  faded out of existence.
• Creation of Second Bank of the United States.
• Panic of 1819
• First Great Depression
• Economic downturn

• The Missouri Compromise
• Admission of the state of Missouri.
• Basic issue of slavery at stake.
• Missouri Compromise of 1820
• Slavery would be permitted in Missouri.
• Maine would come into the union as a Free State.
• As the U.S. expanded westward, states north of
  36 30 latitude would be free states.
• Avoid confronting the issue of slavery for the
  time being!

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Missouri Compromise
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Important info for nationalism

• McCulloch vs. Maryland
• Powers of federal govt were more than Const had
  intended
• Congress had authority to est. a national bank

• Dartmouth vs. Woodward
• Fed govt more powerful than states
• Protect businesses
• Gibbons vs. Ogden
• States cant regulate trade on interstate
  waterways

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The Election of 1824

• First election where no candidate was a leader
  during the Revolution.
• John Quincy Adams defeated John C. Calhoun of
  South Carolina, Henry Clay of Kentucky, and the
  popular Andrew Jackson of Tennessee.

• A Controversial Race
• Calhoun withdraws and runs for V.P.
• Adams faces the Passionate Orator the Man
  of the People.

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The Corrupt Bargain

• Jackson wins most popular votes.
• Feb. 1825 Congress is required to decide
  election.
• Clay swings Kentuckys votes to Adams, days later
  Adams names Clay his Secretary of State.

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President John Quincy Adams

• First son to follow fathers footsteps
• President only one term 1825-1829
• He wrote in his diary daily between the ages of
  29-49.
• He wrote many times about the weaknesses of
  others, but here is how he described himself, I
  am a man of reserved, cold, austere, and
  forbidding manners.

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J.Q. Adams

• From the beginning of his administration he was
  challenged by the Jacksonians in Congress.
• Very few things got accomplished while he was
  President.
• Tariff of Abomination
• Trying to embarrass Adams, the Jacksonians in
  Congress proposed a tariff bill that raised rates
  across the board, on raw materials as well as on
  imported goods.
• Adams home region of New England welcomed the
  higher import tariffs, but not raw materials
  because of their industrialized economy would
  lose profits.

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J.Q. Adams

• No one expected the tariff to pass, so when it
  did the South became very angry b/c they wanted
  less expensive imports.
• The south called this the TARIFF OF ABOMINATIONS.
  (one nail in the coffin toward secession)
• One important event during his administration was
  in 1827, New Orleans held its first Mardi Gras ? !

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Election of 1828

• Adams vs. Jackson
• Economic issues forcing politicians to choose
  sides.
• Adams / Clay National Republicans / Whigs
• Jackson Democrats (Jacksonian Dem.)
• Twice as many men voted in 28 than 24.
• Jackson trounces Adams 178 ecvs to 83.

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National Republicans / Whigs Jacksonian Democrats
Federal government should take a leadership role. Federal government should remain as inactive as possible.
Federal govt. should support internal improvements, such as roads and bridges The individual states should be responsible for internal improvements.
In favor of the national bank. Against the national bank.
Tended to be middle-class or well-established Protestants. Tended to be slaveholders, small farmers, non-Protestants, and working class.
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The Age of Jackson

• Jackson as President
• Signaled several changes in politics.
• First President from west of the Appalachians.
• Start of a new era in American democracy
  popular support.
• Jacksonian Democracy
• Support for new, less-wealthy voters.
• Repeal of state laws requiring voters to own
  land all white males could vote.
• Voters rather than legislatures chose
  Presidential candidates.

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The Spoils System

• Patronage practice of giving jobs to friends
  and supporters.
• Jackson dismissed more than 200 previous
  appointees and 2,000 other office holders and
  replaced them with his Jacksonian Democrats.
  Replaced less than 20.
• This was known as the Spoils System under
  Jackson.
• Rotation in Office would prevent a small group
  of wealthy people from controlling the gov.
• Champion of the Common Man.

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Belief in Limited Govt

• Feared the power of a strong National Govt.
• Attacked politicians he thought corrupt and laws
  that would limit the peoples liberties.
• Used Veto power on more acts of Congress than the
  six previous Presidents combined.
• Ex. Fed money for a state road in KY.

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The Tariff Crisis!

• Tariff of 1828
• Congress passed prior to Jackson taking office.
• Benefited the industrial north, forced
  southerners to pay higher prices on manufactured
  goods.
• Tariff of Abominations

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More crisis!!!

• Secede withdrawal was threatened by South
  Carolina
• South Carolina declared the tariffs null, void,
  and no law, nor binding upon this State, its
  officers or citizens.
• 1833 Force Bill required South Carolina to
  collect the tariffs.

• Jackson threatened to send 50,000 troops to SC.
• Henry Clay, the Great Compromiser, reduce some
  of the import duties and SC cancelled the
  nullification act, thus nullified the Force Bill
  at the same time.

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Indian Relocation

• Indian Removal Act 1830 encouraged by Jackson,
  authorized him to give Native Americans land in
  parts of the Louisiana Purchase in exchange for
  lands taken from them in the east.
• Jackson forcibly relocated about 100,000 members
  of five tribes.
• 32 million prairie acres in Oklahoma for 100
  million acres in the east. (That seems fair
  NOT!)
• Cherokee nation took up farming and adapted more
  to the white culture than any other nation.
• Sequoyah writing system, literacy.
• The Cherokee Govt. was modeled after the U.S.

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Indian Removal Continued

• 1829 gold discovered on Cherokee lands in
  Georgia.(Dahlonega)
• Cherokees sued in court
• Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that they had
  no legal standing in American courts because they
  were not U.S. citizens nor from a foreign
  country.
• We wish to remain on the land of our fathers.
  We have a perfect and original right to remain
  without interruption. . . It cannot be that the
  community we are addressing, remarkable for its
  intelligence and religious sensibilities, and
  preeminent unmatched for its devotion to the
  rights of man, will lay aside this appeal.
• --- Cherokee public appeal, July 17, 1830
• 1832 Worcester v. Georgia Chief Justice
  Marshall ruled that Georgia had no authority over
  Cherokee territory. Georgia ignored the ruling.

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• All preceding experiments for the improvement
  of the Indians have failed. It seems now to be
  an established fact that they can not live in
  contact with a civilized community and prosper. .
  . .No one can doubt the moral duty of the
  Government of the United States to protect and if
  possible to preserve and perpetuate the scattered
  remnants of this race which are left within our
  borders.
• --- President Jackson, annual address to
• Congress December 7, 1835
• Trail of Tears 1838, U.S. army rounded up more
  than 15,000 Cherokees into camps. 116 days they
  were forced to march westward in groups of about
  1,000.
• Poorly organized and undersupplied in the fall
  and winter months. 1 out of 4 Cherokees died of
  cold or disease as troops refused to let them
  rest. Cost was 6 million, this money was
  subtracted from the 9 million payment for the
  lands given up.

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Jacksons Successors

• Chose not to run in 36.
• Martin Van Buren becomes next President,
  supported by Jackson.
• Panic of 1837, severe depression in Van Burens
  first year in office. Dragged into the 40s.
• William Henry Harrison defeats Van Buren in 1840,
  dies after one month in office from pneumonia.
  VP John Tyler takes over.
• Jacksonian Democrats vs. Whigs.