Turf Production Without Pesticides

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Turf Production Without Pesticides

• Glen Sampson

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A Change in Attitude

• Prevention is the key
• Treating the cause rather than the symptoms
• pesticides are no longer the only way to go
• We cannot only be concerned about the specific
  site we are dealing with but adjacent areas as
  well
• Total site management not just pest management
• We must be more knowledgeable about what is going
  on in a turf

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Growing Turf Without Pesticides

• The philosophy of growing turf (or anything else)
  without pesticides is simply that a healthy soil
  grows healthy plants
• When you feed the beneficial life in the soil,
  those growing populations of microorganisms begin
  to accomplish many jobs that now consume great
  amounts of your time, money, and energy.

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Key Definitions

• Plant Health Care (PHC) A comprehensive system
  for managing the appearance, structure, and
  vitality of ornamental landscapes and sports turf
  within client expectations
• Site evaluation and preparation
• Plant selection, establishment, and cultivation
• Pest management
• Plant removal and utilization
• Integrated Pest Mgt. (IPM) A method for
  managing pests that combines cultural,
  biological, and chemical control tactics into a
  single management strategy
• IPM is an essential component of the PHC
  management system!

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Key Definitions

• Pest any organism that
• threatens the health, structure, appearance, or
  value of desirable plants
• Competes with desirable plants for resources
• Diminishes personal enjoyment, comfort, or safety
  in the landscape
• Most organisms in the landscape are not pests
• Many organisms make positive contributions to the
  landscape
• A pest is not always a pest
• Not all pests require control

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Categorizing the site

• Class A
• High level of service fine ornamental lawns,
  golf and lawn bowling greens, irrigated sports
  fields.
• Class B
• Moderate level of service general park areas,
  residential and commercial lawns, boulevards,
  recreational fields, golf fairways.
• Class C
• Low level of service meadows, picnic areas,
  rough grass, undeveloped and naturalized areas.

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IPM is

• A pest management philosophy that utilizes all
  suitable pest management techniques and methods
  to keep pest populations below economically
  injurious levels or below what causes damage that
  is aesthetically unacceptable.
• Prevention is the key
• Each pest management technique must be
  environmentally sound and compatible with
  turf/landscape managers objectives.

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A changing perspective on IPM and its
implementation

• an increasingly competitive market
• higher expectations
• continued societal concerns over pesticides
• increasing regulations in many areas
• newer, less-toxic products
• Treating problems rather than symptoms

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Societal and industry concerns

• Environmental concerns
• Pesticide contamination of urban creeks,
  estuaries, and other waterways is an increasing
  concern
• Health concerns
• Chronic health concerns, environmental
  sensitivities
• Pesticide resistance
• Pest resurgence
• Pest replacement

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Glyphosate Resistant Buckthorn Plantain
Rates L/ha 0 2 4 6 8 10
Glyphosate resistant Susceptible
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Sustainable Landscape Practices

• Best Management Practices
• Emphasize plant health and longevity
• creating outdoor spaces that utilize fewer inputs
• are environmentally friendly
• are self-perpetuating over a period of time.
• Improve the environment by conserving resources,
  reducing chemical inputs and reduce labour inputs

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Manage pests

• Most problems in lawns are not caused by pests,
  such as weeds, insects or disease-causing
  pathogens.
• Damage is more likely the result of poor
  turfgrass selection or improper maintenance
  practices.
• Providing proper care and using an appropriate
  turfgrass species can prevent the majority of
  lawn problems.

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Does IPM work?

• If our team invested time monitoring the turf
  conditions and paid attention to what were the
  stressors on a specific area such as a sports
  field, we knew we could keep the area very
  healthy with good plant cultural practices,
  -Karen Richter, Organizational Leader of Parks
  Maintenance at the City of Waterloo.
• With the consistent application of sound
  horticultural practices, Waterloo decreased its
  use of pesticides at a steady pace throughout the
  1980s. By the mid-1980s, the city had eliminated
  blanket spraying. By 1990, Waterloo spot sprayed
  less than 10 per cent of its green space.

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Basic Principles of IPM

• A dense, vigorously growing, healthy plant
  population will resist invasion by pests
• Pests must be kept below levels that are
  incompatible with the purpose of the desirable
  species

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A Good Pest Management Strategy

• A good pest management strategy incorporates some
  or all methods available to manage a given pest.
• The goal
• to reduce pest populations and damage to
  economically and aesthetically tolerable levels.
  Complete eradication may not be possible,
  practical, or desirable.

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A Good Pest Management Strategy

• Prevention
• Prevention the introduction and/or spread of a
  pest
• Into or away from a site
• Exclusion One of the safest and most effective
  ways to manage pests in the home environment is
  to deny them access - pest-proofing
• Exclusion by Regulation
• Mechanical Exclusion

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What does a Turf IPM program look like
Tom Voigt and Tom Fermanian - University of
Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
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Establishing new turf

• Rapid establishment of turf is desirable
• Reduces erosion
• Suppresses weed seed germination and weed growth
• Optimum seeding rates (1.5-2.5 kg 100m2)
• Healthy turf to enter winter

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Pre-plant weed control

• Cultivation
• Irrigate to allow germination of weeds in
  planting bed.
• Follow up with a shallow (less than 1 inch)
  cultivation after weeds have emerged but before
  they get too big (usually before they have 4
  leaves).
• Repeat the irrigation and cultivation cycle two
  or three times for best results.
• Summer cultivation for perennials
• For perennial weeds, it is ideal to repeatedly
  cultivate soil in summer, keeping it completely
  dry for extended periods to dehydrate propagules
  (stems, rhizomes, or tubers).
• Herbicide application
• Irrigate to allow germination of weed seeds in
  planting bed.
• Apply non-selective herbicide, such as
  glyphosate.
• Repeat the irrigation and herbicide cycle if
  necessary.
• Solarization
• Solarization is very effective during the hottest
  part of the year. Six weeks are required for best
  results

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Role of soil microorganisms

• Fertilize by fixing nitrogen from the air,
  mineralizing soil organic nutrient, generating
  carbon dioxide, and dissolving mineral nutrient
  from rock
• De-thatch by composing thatch and other organic
  matter into valuable nutrients and humus, which
  in turn increase the water and nutrient holding
  capacity of the soil
• Aerate the soil
• Control many insect and disease problems by
  competition and predation

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Soil amendments and fertilizers

• Fertilizers vs. soil amendments
• Fertilizers improve the supply of nutrients in
  the soil, directly affecting plant growth. Soil
  amendments improve a soil's physical condition
  (e.g. soil structure, water infiltration),
  indirectly affecting plant growth.
• Topsoil
• Topsoil may be added to raise the soil level to a
  minimum depth of 6 to 8 inches.
• The topsoil should be mixed into the existing
  soil.
• Soil pH
• The ideal soil pH ranges from 6.0 - 7.0.
• Grass loses it comprtitive ability at lower pH

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Soil amendments

• Organic (material) amendments
• Organic material improves soil structure.
• Organic material can be added to sandy soils to
  increase nutrient and moisture retention.
• Clay soils can also be amended with organic
  material to help loosen the soil and provide
  better aeration and drainage.
• Compost is the easiest organic material to use.
• A rotary tiller works best to incorporate the
  organic material to your soil.
• A layer of 1 - 2 inches spread over your site
  should be tilled to a depth of 3 - 6 inches.

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Choose and identify your turf species

• Successful selection of a turf grass requires
  knowing how the turf will be used, where it will
  be grown and what level of quality is desired
• Failure to properly identify a turf grass species
  can lead to mistakes in maintenance.
• not all turf grass species tolerate the same
  mowing height or frequency.
• Irrigation frequency and the amount of water
  needed vary among species as do the frequency and
  amount of fertilizer.
• Turf grasses also differ in how they adapt to
  sun, shade, and temperature.
• Most lawns are mixtures of various turf grass
  species.

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Endophytic grasses

• Endophyte is a naturally occurring fungus that
  grows symbiotically in the grass plant.
• It produces compounds that prevent insects from
  feeding on the leaves and stems of the plant.
• Improved performance under low maintenance
  situations makes some of the endophytic forms
  good candidates for low maintenance uses such as
  on roadside right of ways and in parks.
• The presence of the fungus improves plant vigour
  and helps with resistance to some environmental
  stresses.
• Avanex - endophyte tall fescue for airports
  research has shown that it reduces bird
  populations by 87

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Concerns with endophytic grasses

• Animal toxicity alkaloids -Ergovaline
• Reduced biodiversity
• Invasive species
• Storage issues that affect the viability of the
  endophytes therefore, variety may not perform
  as expected

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Lawn care for established lawns

• No two lawns are exactly alike. Lawns may differ
  by turf species, soil type, climate, location,
  how they are used, and how they are maintained.
  Tailor a program with the specifics of your
  situation in mind.
• A good maintenance program includes
• Mowing
• Irrigating
• Fertilizing
• Dethatching
• Aerating
• A well-planned and executed maintenance program
  will produce good-looking, green turf grass that
  will quickly recover from wear, pest damage, or
  mechanical injury

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Lawn renovation

• Some causes of lawns deterioration
• from poor maintenance,
• inadequate drainage
• heavy traffic
• pest problems,
• weed invasions,
• simply because the wrong grass species was
  planted.

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Lawn Renovation

• Neglected lawns
• Take better care of your lawn and bring it back
  to life with regular maintenance.
• Localized problems - Partially renovate your lawn
  by patching.
• Problem areas spread throughout the lawn
• Overseed your lawn.
• Severe problems encompassing more than 40 of the
  lawn
• Completely renovate your lawn by killing it and
  starting over from scratch.
• Don't repeat mistakes! Find the cause of your
  problems before you renovate

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Weeds as stress indicators in turf
Species Condition Annual bluegrass low
fertility, compact soil, mowing too short,
excessive moisture Buttercup Excessive
moisture Chickweed thin grass, excessive
moisture Clover low nitrogen, drought,
compaction Crabgrass thin grass, low fertility,
compaction Dandelion thin grass, low fertility,
mowing too short Hawkweed low pH
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Weeds as stress indicators in turf
Species Condition Sheep sorrel low
pH Moss heavy shade, low fertility, low
pH Plantain low fertility, mowing too
short Dock excessive moisture Creeping
charlie excessive shade
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Overseeding a lawn

• When should you overseed?
• Your lawn appears to be in good condition, but
  just a little thin
• Thinning lawn following winter
• High traffic areas
• Always determine and solve the cause of your
  current problem before beginning repairs, and
  plan to seed at a time of year appropriate to the
  planted turf species.
• What should you overseed with?
• If your lawn is in relatively good condition in
  most areas, choose the seed mix you used in the
  past or turf recommended for overseeding

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• Overseeding your lawn
• Closely mow the turf and rake up the debris
• Dethatch and aerate
• Seed, fertilize, and irrigate
• Maintenance
• Patching the lawn with seed, sod, sprigs, plugs,
  stolons
• Dig out the affected area
• Work the soil
• Replant with seed, sod, stolons, sprigs, plugs
• Complete renovation
• Kill the existing turf and weeds
• Remove the remaining turf
• Rethink your irrigation system
• Prepare the soil

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Thinning lawn
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What are the abiotic stress factors

• Compaction

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Examples of poor design that can lead to problems
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Abiotic factors

• Dog Urine

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Abiotic factors

• Fertilizer burn

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Abiotic factors

• Nitrogen deficiency

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Abiotic factors

• Uneven fertilizer application

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Abiotic factors

• Overwatering

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Abiotic factors

• Glyphosate (Roundup damage)

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Abiotic factors

• Items left on lawn

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Abiotic factors

• Scalping

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Abiotic factors

• Shade

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Abiotic factors

• Dull mower blades

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Components of a Sustainable Urban Landscape/Golf
Course Program

• Fertility management
• Mowing practices
• Water management
• Traffic management
• Weed management
• Disease and insect management

Integrated pest (turf) management

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A pest management philosophy

• Recognizes there is no cure-all in pest
  control.
• Dependence on any one pest management method will
  have undesirable effects.
• Determine and correct the cause of the pest
  problem.
• Understanding Pest biology and ecology is
  essential.
• Manipulate the environment to the crops
  advantage and to the detriment of the pest.
• Recognizes that eradication of a pest is seldom
  necessary or even desirable, and generally not
  possible.
• Some damage is unavoidable and acceptable

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• Effective pest management plans
• are comprehensive in scope
• integrate agronomic and biological principles
• integrates cultural, biological and chemical pest
  control practices.
• They provide proven, science-driven and reliable
  methods for resolving the sometimes conflicting
  goals that golf course superintendents face
• producing consistently high quality, high
  playability turf
• at the same time reducing environmental impacts
  and keeping within budget constraints.

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Toolbox of management tactics
Biological Controls Cultural Controls Mechanical
Controls Chemical Controls
Decision-making aids
Proper Pest Identification Pest Monitoring
Methods Environmental Monitoring
Use of Degree Days Models economic injury Action
thresholds
Knowledge of pest/host/ecosystem biology
Life Cycle
Behaviour
Seasonal Cycle
Population dynamics
Interaction
Schematic of IPM Concept
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Approaches for Turf Protection using IPM

• Regulation using certified seed, sod, sprigs
• Genetic selection of the best adapted
  species/cultivars for the location
• Cultural a healthy grass means fewer problems
• Physical isolating areas where pests are a
  problem
• Biological favouring natural competition
• Chemical

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• The ability to identify, understand the biology
  and stay abreast of control strategies for golf
  course pests including weeds, diseases, insects
  and other arthropods and nematodes is essential
  for development and implementation of IPM plans.

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Each Pest Control Technique Must be
Environmentally SoundRisk vs. Benefits
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AndCompatible with With Producers Objectives
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Pest Identification

• What are the key pests to be managed in the
  system, what are their life cycles, how do they
  reproduce and how do they disperse.
• Text books
• Fact sheets
• Specialists
• Expert pest id systems

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Monitoring - Whats Needed

• Site Descriptions
• Past history, soil factors, fertility level,
  drainage, management
• Develop a descriptive and predictive models
• What pests are most likely to occur, ways in
  which they can be introduced and seriousness of
  the problem
• Identify and fill in knowledge gaps
• Life cycles, reproductive strategy
• Biology, ecology

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MONITORING

• Based on visual inspections (rough estimations)
  and on pest counts, presence
• It is important to keep written records of all
  counts, as well as notes from visual inspections
  for future reference.
• Photographs are useful as a record.

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Diagnosing your problem

• Lawn problems are difficult to diagnose, and the
  diagnosis process can be quite complex.
• Remember that most turf grass problems are caused
  by improper management practices, not by insects
  or diseases.
• Before you begin the diagnostic process, take a
  look at how you manage your lawn. You may be able
  to solve your problem by simply changing your
  cultural practices.

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Diagnostic tips

• Know the history of your lawn
• Know your predominant turf species
• Identify the problem when you first see symptoms
• Check for symptoms in the early morning
• Collect entire grass plant samples
• Perform a drench test
• Get help

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Drench test
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Winter dessication
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Pink Snow Mold

• Michrodochium nivale

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Gray Snow mold

• Typhula spp.

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anthracnose

• Colletotrichum graminicola

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Colletotrichum graminicola
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Dollar spot

• Sclerotinia homoeocarpa

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Fairy ring
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Crane flies
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White grubs
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Japanese Beetle
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European Chafer
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Chafer Damage
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June Bug
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Black Turfgrass Ataenius
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Black Turfgrass Ataenius damage
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White Grubs
Japanese Beetle
European Chafer
June Beetle
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Chinch bug
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Action Threshold

• Pest Population at which a grower must take
  action to prevent a pest populations from
  reaching the economic injury level
• Economic threshold is slightly below the economic
  injury level
• Pest populations must be increasing

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Economic Injury Level (Aesthetic)
Action Threshold
Pest Density
Pest Population
Time
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Action thresholds

• In turf, it is difficult to put a dollar value
• Therefore it is dictated by the individuals
  tolerance for pest damage -aesthetic
• Aesthetic threshold similar to economic
  threshold except based on what is visually
  unacceptable
• Most lawns can withstand some loss of foliage
  without quality and growth being affected
• May need to adjust aesthetic sensitivities to
  allow for a little more damage

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To Keep Pests Below the Economic Injury Level

• Economic Injury Level
• Cost of control amount of damage caused by
  the pest
• Includes amount of pest damage
• Cost of each control practice
• Are determined through extensive research
• Economic Injury Level is the information that is
  necessary to develop an Economic Threshold, which
  is used by crop advisors

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Action thresholds of some common pests
Pest Number per sq. ft. Monitoring method
Army worms 3-4 Visual, soap flush
Chinch bugs 20 adults Flotation, soap flush
Cutworms 1 Visual, soap flush
White grubs 3-4 Visual
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Action thresholds for cranefly
Average larvae per sq. ft Decision
0- 25 Do nothing fertilize appropriately. May need to treat if turf is young, not well established and with poor root structure
25 - 50 If your lawn is vigorous and healthy, do nothing. Decisions are based on the health of the turf, your personal tolerance, location and use of the turf
50-80 Treat crane fly problem. Look towards long-term solutions, such as replacing problem areas with a turf alternative species.
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Insect traps for monitoring

• Visual cues color traps

• omnidirectional shape
• smooth poly surface
• scientifically tapered cone
• attractive, permanent yellow color

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Growing degree days

• Daily high daily low/2 base development
  temperature of the insectdaily degree days
• Below the base development temperature the insect
  will not develop. Insects vary in their base
  development temperature. The base development
  temperature of European corn borer is 7oC

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Example

• Can use a max-min thermometer
• Max 25oC
• Min 10oC
• Average 17.5oC
• Subtract base temperature 7oC
• Total degree days 10.5
• Cumulative total

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Chinch bug and damage
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Hairy Chinch Bug

• Blissus leucopterus hirtus
• Immature nymphs - bright red in colour when they
  first hatch, and begin to darken from brick red
  to grey/brown when they are nearly mature
• Characteristic white band across their abdomen
  which is eventually covered by the enlarging
  wings as the insects become larger and mature.

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Control - monitoring

• obtain a large can which has a circular area of
  approximately 200 centimetres
• cut out the bottom and the top to form a cylinder
  and force this into the turf
• fill the cylinder with water, the chinch bugs
  will soon float to the surface where they can be
  seen

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Growing degree days Chinch bug

• max temperature min temperature base
  temperature
• 2
• 427 and 877 degree-days (7ºC base, air
  temperature)
• numbers of second and third instar nymphs peak
  between mid-July and mid-August.
• Threshold -100 nymphs per sq ft.
• Based on growing degree-days for
• normal years - monitor for chinch
• bugs from July 1 to mid-August.

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Annual bluegrass

• BIOLOGY
• a winter annual, cool-season grass.
• The leaf tips are boat-shaped like the bow of a
  boat.
• Poa has a prominent membranous ligule and a
  shallow, fibrous root system.
• The plant oftentimes is lighter green than
  perennial ryegrass, Kentucky bluegrass and
  creeping bentgrass.

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Annual Bluegrass
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Annual Bluegrass

• Annual Bluegrass is a lighter green colour than
  Kentucky Bluegrass or Fine Fescue and therefore
  causes discoloration throughout the lawn
• It has a tendency to thin out and die during
  summer drought conditions. This can cause areas
  of patching which weeds and insects will take
  advantage of.
• its seed head production is higher than Kentucky
  Bluegrass or Fine Fescue, which causes the lawn
  to appear overrun and not well maintained and
  gives it an unsightly look.

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Control of Annual Bluegrass

• Use certified seed and cut out and re-seed bare
  areas or overseed later in season
• Aerating your lawn once a year
• Water deeply and infrequently to encourage good
  root development in your Fescue and Bluegrass
  lawns.
• Mow at 2 1/2 to 3 inches to discourage
  development of seed heads.U
• Unless a soil test recommends otherwise, cut back
  on applying high phosphorus fertilizers
• Slow release N fertilizers and spread over the
  summer

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Control

• Insecticides
• cultural and mowing practices that minimize
  thatch accumulation
• WATCH FOR Chinch bugs when weather turns hot and
  dry
• Weekly deep waterings

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Should Pesticides be used in an IPM Program?

• Pesticides used only as a last resort and in a
  manner that is legal.
• Pesticides are to be used when there is no risk
  of environmental damage or when benefits outweigh
  the risks. Use pesticides only when other control
  practices arent available, economical or
  practical.
• Must monitor pest populations in the field.
• Identify the pest
• Compare pest population and the economic
  threshold
• Life stage susceptible to pesticide?
• Crop stage and preventable loss.

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What is Cultural Control

• Agronomic practices that are designed to
• Optimize growing conditions for the desirable
  plants. Anything that increases a plants
  competitive edge will result in increased
  tolerance to pests often resulting in reduced
  pesticide use.
• Create unfavorable conditions for the pest
• E.g. fertility management, irrigation scheduling,
  mowing heights

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What is Mechanical Control?

• Uses machinery and/or other tools to control
  pests
• Mowing
• Physical barriers
• Mulches
• Floating mulch
• Greens covers

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What is Sanitary Control?

• Methods to avoid introducing a pest into a site
• Cleaning equipment mowers, golf carts,
  fertilizer applicators
• Planting certified seed
• Quarantines

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What is Natural Control?

• Enhancement of naturally occurring pest
  management methods
• Beneficial insects
• Beneficial diseases

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What is Biological Control?

• Manipulation of biological organism to control
  pests
• Release of predators/parasites/disease of an
  insect or weed
• Can be time consuming, expensive and difficult
• E.g. cinnabar moth,

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Registered Bioherbicides

• 1992 - Biomal for roundleaf mallow control
• 2003 Chontrol for woody shrubs along rights
  of way
• 2007 Sarritor limited use of Sclerotinia
  minor on dandelion

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Dandelion
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Dandelion control
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Biological Pesticides
Herbicides Fungicides Insecticides
Sarritor Biomal Chontrol Nivalis Mycostop Rootshield Serenade (Bacillus Subtilis) Rhapsody BTK Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) Beauveria bassiana
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Constraints for use of biological pesticides

• Environmental
• Specific temperature and moisture requirements
• Formulation
• Shelf life
• Specificity

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Natural Products
Herbicides Fungicides Insecticides
Acetic acid (vinegar) Citric Acid Organosol (Lactic acid/citric acid) Fiesta (FeHDTA) Elemental Sulphur Garlic powder Borax Garlic oil
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What is Host Plant Resistance?

• Manipulating the plant to withstand or tolerate
  pests
• Natural breeding method
• Genetically modified plants
• Not a permanent method of control
• Examples resistant varieties, endophyte grasses

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Barriers to adaptation of IPM

• There is a large gap between the general IPM
  principles found in textbooks and the development
  of site-specific strategies that address issues
  of climate and weather, turf varieties, soil and
  water quality, specific pest complexes,
  client/golfer expectations and varying budgets.
• There are currently few tools available to
  landscapers/superintendents that bridge this gap,
  and as a result, IPM programs are rarely realized
  to their full potential.

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Barriers to adaptation of IPM

• Once IPM plans are developed, they cannot remain
  static.
• Shifts in pest populations
• Changes in client/golf course expectations and
  budgets
• The introduction of new products, technologies
  and scientific information
• Require methods of evaluating new advances as
  well as procedures for periodic updating of IPM
  plans.

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Barriers to adaptation of IPM

• Monitoring (for pests, weather, equipment
  operation/calibration and for the quality of
  water, soil and turf) and record keeping are the
  backbone of any successful IPM program
• Information on monitoring and record keeping
  tools and procedures needs to be centralized and
  presented in a form that is easily accessible to
  landscapers/golf course superintendents.

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Barriers to adaptation of IPM

• Objective evaluation of the success (or failure)
  of newly introduced practices in meeting turf
  maintenance goals.
• Without tools for assessing the effectiveness of
  new techniques, the landscapers/superintendents
  ability to justify and promote their management
  decisions can be compromised.

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Barriers to adaptation of IPM

• Superintendents vary widely in their technical
  backgrounds, computer literacy access to
  information.
• And golf courses vary widely in their interest in
  IPM principles and the budgets available to
  implement them.
• Yet the ability to incorporate IPM into turf
  management programs should be feasible for all
  interested superintendents and golf courses
• Rather than assuming a one size fits all
  approach to IPM, successful plans need to be
  flexible enough to take these differences into
  account and to make it possible for
  superintendents at levels to participate.

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• IPMgolfpro SPRAY SCOUT MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE
• IPM golfpro is a web based software specifically
  designed for golf course Superintendents to track
  and manage their Spray and Scout activities.
• IPM golfpro offers the following
• Easy to use and understand
• Plan, execute, track and document your pest
  management strategies
• Generate reports required by the IPM regulatory
  legislation
• Track your Fertilizer and Pesticide usage
• Calibrate your Sprayers
• Track your staff Training history

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• Subscription
• Annual subscription to IPM golfpro software
  includes initial course setup, technical support,
  maintenance and updates
• PRICING Annual Subscription in CAD (plus
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