ADSL Penetration in Korea

1
Intl Seminar on Science, Technology, and
Innovation Policy
The Korean High-Level Human Resourses Development
Strategy and The Construction of Research
Capacities
April 14, 2008 Prof. Se-Jung Oh Dean, College
of Natural Science Seoul National
University Republic of Korea
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Contents

• Development of Korean Economy and its Current
  Situation
• 2. Evolution of Korean National Innovation System
• 3. Progress of the Korean Human Resources
  Development Strategy (especially on Doctorate
  Level)
• 4. Summary and Concluding Remarks

3

• Development of Korean Economy and
• its Current Situation

4
Rapid Development of Korean Economy

• GNP per capita of Korea
• Year 1953 67/ yr
• was one of the poorest countries in the world
• Year 2006 18,372 Year 2007 20,050

GNP per capita (1953 2006), nominal US
Source The Bank of Korea, http//ecos.bok.or.kr
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Current Achievements of Korean Economy

• Semiconductor
• Dramatic achievement since 1981
• 10.7 of global market share(05)
• Ranked 3 rd following by U.S. and Japan (06)
• Focused on DRAM memory market
• Prowess in process technology
• 45.1 of global market share(06) (ranked 1st
  since 1992)
• Samsumg Electronics (29 ), Hynix (16 )
• Steel Industry
• Current position of Korean Steel industry
• Ranked 5th (06) in production /year
• Ranked 6th (06) in export
• POSCO ranked 5th, INI Steel Co. ranked 28th in
  production capa

6
Current Achievements of Korean Economy (Cont.)

• Shipbuilding
• Since 2004, Korea has been leading the industry
• Korea (33.6), Japan (32.2), China (12.5) (04)
  by CGT (Compensated Gross Tonnage)
• Main products LNG carrier, large-containership,
  oil tanker, FPSO (floating production storage
  offloading)
• Japan, China oil tanker, bulk carrier
• Display Products
• Global market share of the LCD market (07)
• Samsung Electronics(22.9, rank 1st), LG
  Display(20.4, rank 2nd)
• Global market share of the PDP market (07)
• Samsung SDI(27.0, rank 2nd), LG
  Electronics(26.0, rank 3rd)
• Automobile
• 5th in the world after U.S., Japan, China,
  Germany (06)

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1. Evolution of the Korean National Innovation
   System

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Korean National Innovation System - Input

• RD Expenditure and Number of Researchers per Year

1969 1980 1990 2000 2006
RD expenditure (B won) 9.8 211.7 3,210.5 13,848.5 27,345.7
- Public 7.2 (73) 105.5 (50) 510.8 (16) 3,816.9 (28) 6,632.1 (24)
- Private 1.8 (18) 102.4 (48) 2,698.9 (84) 10,023.4 (72) 20,631.3 (75)
- Foreign 0.8 (8) 3.8 (2) 0.8 (0) 8.2 (0) 82.3 (0)
Number of researchers 5,337 18,434 70,503 159,973 256,598
- Government Research Institutes (GRIs) 2,413 (45) 4,598 (25) 10,434 (15) 13,913 (9) 16,771 (7)
- University 2,142 (40) 8,695 (47) 21,332 (30) 51,727 (32) 65,923 (26)
- Private Industry 782 (15) 5,141 (28) 38,737 (55) 94,333 (59) 173,904 (68)
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Korean National Innovation System - Output

• ST Competitiveness, Patent, SCI Papers

1998 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Rank of National Competitiveness 1) 35th 37th 35th 29th 38th 29th
- Science 28th 16th 19th 15th 12th 7th
- Technology n.a. 27th 8th 2nd 6th 6th
Number of Patent Registration 2) 35,900 30,525 35,284 53,419 n.a. n.a.
  - International Patent Application 3) - 2,949 (8th) 3,558 (7th) 4,688 (6th) 5,935 (5th) n.a.
Number of SCI Paper 9,843 (16th) 18,830 (14th) 19,328 (14th) 23,089 (14th) 23,286 (13th) n.a.
  - Average Citation Number 1.88 (34th) 2.63 (30th) 2.8 (29th) 3.04 (30th) 3.22 (28th) n.a.
1) IMD (International Institute for Management
Development) 2) WIPO (World Intellectual Property
Organization) 3) PCT (Patent Cooperation Treaty)
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Roles of the Korean Innovation Actors

• Government
• Development of Science Technology
  Infrastructure
• Established Korea Institute of Science
  Technology (KIST) in 1966
• Established several GRIs as spin-offs from KIST
  in 70s and early 80s
• Created Daedeok Science Town in 1978
• Established Korea Advanced Institute of Science
  (KAIS) in 1971
• Direct RD support to Universities and GRIs
• Preferential finance and tax concessions for
  Industry RD
• University
• The rapid expansion of ST human resource
  education
• Used to be more teaching-oriented than
  research-oriented in the past
• But recently emphasize basic applied research
  and high-level human resource development
  (Doctorate level)

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Role of the Korean Innovation Actors (Contd)

• Government Research Institutes (GRIs)
• Important role in industrial RD in 60s and
  70s
• Helped firms to acquire foreign technology
• Informally diffused technology thru
  reverse-engineering
• Supplied experienced researchers for Industry
• Joint research development with large firms
• Acts as the backbone of national RD
• Private Sectors
• Large firms established corporate RD centers in
  the 1980s
• Samsung, LG, Hyundai, and SK group, etc.
• SMEs started RD activities rather slowly

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Progress of Korean National Innovation System
Stage 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000 2007
Per Capita GNP 82 1,676 1,645 5,418 6,417 9,438 10,804 20,050
Major Industry Agriculture and Labor-intensive industry (Textile, Shoes, etc) heavy industry (Steel, Auto, Chemicals ,etc) Electronic and IT products (Electric Appliances, Semiconductor etc) IT products and others (Semiconductor, LCD, Auto, etc)
R D Focus Imitation of mature foreign technologies Imitation of mature, advanced foreign technologies Expansion of public RD Development of growth engine technologies
Domestic R D Situation Inadequacy of university industry research Reliance on GRIs Expansion of industry university research Foundation of industry-led system Expansion of university research Foundation of industry-led system Expansion of university research
Government Policy on R D and Human Resource Development Established KIST (1966) and other GRIs Established KAIS (1973) Expansion of University System Rapid growth of Graduate Schools Emphasis on the Quality of Graduate Education and Research Globalization of University Foster Top-quality Research Univ.
HRD Policy on Doctorate Level Import from foreign countries Import as well as Domestic Training Foreign Training of Domestic Doctors Assimilation in the Global Market
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• 3. Progress of the Korean Human Development
• Strategy (especially on Doctorate Level)

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Korean HRD Policies in 1960s

• Environments/Backgrounds
• Per Capita GNP 82 (60) ? 210 (69)
• Main Industry Agriculture and Labor-intensive
  Industry (textile)
• R D focus Imitation of Mature Foreign
  Technologies
• Government Actions
• Established the Korea Institute of Science and
  Technology (KIST) in 1966 (1st Government
  Research Institute)
• Established the Ministry of Science and
  Technology at the cabinet level (1967)
• Emphasized training of technicians in high
  schools and 2-year colleges
• Started Recruiting Program for Korean Scientists
  (Doctorate Level) working in Foreign Countries
  (1968)
• Total of 29 Ph.Ds in Science and Engineering
  fields returned to Korea from abroad in 68-69

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Korean HRD Policies in 1960s (Contd)

• Situation of Higher-Education (Universities and
  Graduate Schools)
• Focused more on Undergraduate Education than
  Research in general
• Research capability of universities was
  inadequate
• But the number of 4-year Universities was
  increased from 48(62) to 68 (69)
• The number of graduate schools was increased from
  25 (62) to 60 (69)
• Manpower production in Science and Engineering
  fields was small
• In 1969, only 4,863 bachelors, 301 masters and 35
  Ph.Ds were produced altogether from Korean
  universities
• The number of Students going abroad to study
  Science and Engineering fields increased from
  400 (60) to 600 (69)

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Korean HRD Policies in 1970s

• Environments/Backgrounds
• Per Capita GNP 254 (70) ? 1,676 (79)
• Main Industry Light Industry (textile, shoes,
  etc) and some chemical industry
• R D focus Imitation of Mature Foreign
  Technologies
• Government Actions
• Established the Korea Advanced Institute of
  Science (KAIS) in 1971 (US-style Graduate school
  in Science and Engineering Fields)
• Established several GRIs (Atomic Energy,
  National Standards, Ocean Research)
• Established the Korean Science and Engineering
  Foundation (KOSEF) to support basic research in
  universities (1977)
• Expanded manpower training in engineering
  schools, especially in electrical, mechanical and
  chemical engineering departments

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Korean HRD Policies in 1970s (Contd)

• Started national scholarship program for sending
  students abroad for the graduate study (1977)
• Until 2001, altogether 1,717 students received
  this national scholarship, mostly in science and
  engineering fields.
• Actively pursued Recruiting Program for Korean
  Scientists (Doctorate Level) working in Foreign
  Countries
• Total of 454 Ph.Ds in Science and Engineering
  fields returned to Korea from abroad in 70-79
• Situation of Higher-Education (Universities and
  Graduate Schools)
• Rapid Expansion of Students in Science and
  Engineering fields both in undergraduate and
  graduate levels (see Fig.1)
• However, Research capability of most universities
  was still quite limited, except KAIS which
  received special government support
• The number of Students going abroad to study
  Science and Engineering fields also increased
  quite rapidly from 600 (70) to 1,200 (79)

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• Fig 1. Production of Bachelors in SE fields from
  Domestic Universities in 1970's

• Fig. 1
• Fig. 2

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Fig 2. Production of Masters and Ph.D's in SE
fields from Domestic Universities in 1970's

• Fig. 1
• Fig. 2

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Korean HRD Policies in 1980s

• Environments/Backgrounds
• Per Capita GNP 1,645 (80) ? 5,418 (89)
• Main Industry Heavy Industry (Steel, Auto,
  Ship-building, Chemicals, etc)
• R D focus Imitation of Mature, Advanced
  Foreign Technologies
• Government Actions
• Established several more GRIs (Machinery and
  Materials, Electronics and Telecommunications,
  Geology, etc) in 1981
• Established Pohang University of Science and
  Technology (by POSCO, a steel company) in 1986
• Established Basic Science Promotion Law and Korea
  Basic Science Institute in 1988
• Established four Science High Schools for Gifted
  Students (83, 84)
• Introduced the military-duty exemption system for
  science and engineering students and researchers
  (1981)
• Expanded 4-year colleges and universities
  greatly, especially in science and engineering
  fields, while reducing government support for
  vocational schools training technicians

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Korean HRD Policies in 1980s (Contd)

• Started post-doc training program in foreign
  countries for Ph.Ds who obtained degree in
  science and engineering fields from domestic
  universities (KOSEF, 1982)
• On the average, 50 200 post-docs were trained
  in foreign countries every year
• Started Brain-Pool program inviting foreign
  experts to Korea permanently or for a limited
  time (KOSEF, 1982)
• On the average, about 100 foreign Ph.Ds visited
  Korea every year utilizing this program
• Situation of Higher-Education (Universities and
  Graduate Schools)
• Rapid Expansion of Students in Science and
  Engineering fields both in undergraduate and
  graduate levels (see Fig.3)
• Research capability of several universities were
  also greatly improved during this period
• The number of Masters and Ph.Ds in Science and
  Engineering fields produced from domestic
  universities increased quite rapidly (see Fig.4)
• The number of Students going abroad to study
  Science and Engineering fields also increased
  quite rapidly (see Fig.5)

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Fig 3. Production of Bachelors in SE fields from
Domestic Universities in 1980's

• Fig. 1
• Fig. 2

23
Fig 4. Production of Masters and Ph.D's in S E
fields from Domestic Universities in 1980's

• Fig. 1
• Fig. 2

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Fig 5. Number of Students studying abroad in
Science and Engineering Fields

• Fig. 1
• Fig. 2

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Korean HRD Policies in 1990s

• Environments/Backgrounds
• Per Capita GNP 6,147 (90) ? 9,438 (99)
• Main Industry Electronic and IT Products
  (Electrical Appliances, Semiconductors,
  Computers), and others (Auto, Ship-building, etc)
• R D focus Develop Advanced Technologies
• RD activities of private industries were greatly
  increased (see Fig.6)
• Demand for Ph.D was greatly increased (see
  Fig.7)
• Government Actions
• Established Gwangju Institute of Science and
  Technology (GIST) in 1993
• Enacted Special Law for Promotion of Science and
  Technology in 1997
• Established Korea Academy of Science and
  Technology (KAST) and National Academy of
  Engineering of Korea (NAEK) in 1994
• Expanded graduate schools greatly, especially in
  science and engineering fields
• Special Government Program to support Engineering
  Schools (94-98)
• Special Government Program to support Graduate
  schools in science and engineering fields
  (1995-2000)
• Started evaluation system of universities for
  education and research (1992)
• Started Science/engineering Research Centers
  (SRC/ERC) in universities (supported group of
  professors with good research record for 9 years)
  in 1990 (KOSEF)

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Fig 6. Trend in the working sectors of Korean
researchers

• Fig. 1
• Fig. 2

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Fig 7. Trend in the composition of Korean
researchers

• Fig. 1
• Fig. 2

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Korean HRD Policies in 1990s (Contd)

• Exemption of military-duty for science and
  engineering doctoral students and researchers
• Continued post-doc training program in foreign
  countries for Ph.Ds who obtained degree in
  science and engineering fields from domestic
  universities (KOSEF)
• On the average, 200 300 post-docs were trained
  in foreign countries every year
• Continued Brain-Pool program inviting foreign
  experts to Korea permanently or for a limited
  time (KOSEF)
• On the average, about 100 foreign Ph.Ds visited
  Korea every year utilizing this program
• Situation of Higher-Education (Universities and
  Graduate Schools)
• Slight increase of Students in Science and
  Engineering fields in undergraduate level (see
  Fig. 8)
• More Rapid increase of Graduate students in
  science and engineering fields (see Fig.9)
• Research capability of universities were also
  greatly improved during this period (see Fig.10)
• The number of Students going abroad to study
  Science and Engineering fields also increased
  rapidly (see Figure 5)

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Fig 8. Production of Bachelors in SE fields from
Domestic Universities in 1990's

• Fig. 1
• Fig. 2

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Fig 9. Production of Masters and Ph.D's in S E
fields from Domestic Universities in 1990's

• Fig. 1
• Fig. 2

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Korean HRD Policies in 2000s

• Environments/Backgrounds
• Per Capita GNP 10,804 (00) ? 20,050 (07)
• Main Industry IT Products (Semiconductors,
  Cellular phones, LCD), and others (Auto,
  Ship-building, etc)
• R D focus Develop Cutting-edge Technologies
• University R D capabilities were greatly
  improved (see Fig. 11, Fig. 12)
• Government Actions
• Started Brain Korea 21 project to create
  world-class research universities (1st phase
  1999 2005, 2nd phase 2006 -2012). This
  project supports graduate students tuition and
  stipend, especially in science and engineering
  fields.
• Emphasized Quality of graduate education and
  academic research
• Emphasized Globalization in the university
  education and research
• Started Creative Research Initiative, which
  supports 1 million USD annually to young and
  creative researchers up to 9 years
• Strengthen evaluation system of universities,
  both in education and research

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Fig. 11 Number of SCI papers produced in Korea
34
Fig. 12 Top 40 Universities in the World in the
Number of SCI Publications (Year 2006)

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Korean HRD Policies in 2000s (Contd)

• Exemption of military-duty for science and
  engineering doctoral students and researchers
• Continued post-doc training program in foreign
  countries for Ph.Ds who obtained degree in
  science and engineering fields from domestic
  universities (KOSEF)
• On the average, 200 300 post-docs were trained
  in foreign countries every year
• Continued Brain-Pool program inviting foreign
  experts to Korea permanently or for a limited
  time (KOSEF)
• On the average, about 100 foreign Ph.Ds visited
  Korea every year utilizing this program
• Situation of Higher-Education (Universities and
  Graduate Schools)
• The number of Students in Science and
  Engineering fields in undergraduate level stays
  almost constant in the last 5 years (see Fig. 13)
• Graduate students in science and engineering
  fields also maintained about the same level (see
  Fig.14)
• Research capability of universities continued to
  improve during this period
• The number of Students going abroad to study
  somewhat increased

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Figure 3 and 4
Fig 13. Production of Bachelors in SE fields
from Domestic Universities in 2000's

• Fig. 1
• Fig. 2

37
Fig 14. Production of Masters and Ph.D's
in S E fields from Domestic Universities in
2000s

• Fig. 1
• Fig. 2

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• 4. Summary and Concluding Remarks

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Summary and Concluding Remarks

• Korea relied on foreign universities for training
  Ph.Ds until around 1980
• Actively recruited Korean Ph.Ds trained in
  foreign countries to set up research capabilities
  of government laboratories and universities
• Established government research institutes
  (GRIs) to concentrate the limited manpower and
  research fund, instead of distributing them to
  many universities
• These GRIs performed most of R D in Korea, and
  helped industries to catch up with advanced
  technology of foreign countries
• Korean government expanded domestic graduate
  schools and actively supported their research
  from 1980
• Korean government introduced many measures such
  as the exemption of military duty for graduate
  students in domestic universities
• Established grant systems to university
  professors to encourage research and the training
  of high level manpower
• Domestic universities started to produce
  increasing number of Ph.Ds in science and
  engineering fields in response to the need of
  private industry
• However, the number of students studying abroad
  also increased somewhat, and Kroean government
  and industry maintained recruiting program for
  Korean scientists and engineers (Doctorate Level)
  trained in foreign countries

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Thank you for your attention !
Se-Jung Oh, Ph. D. Tel. [phone] E-mail
sjoh_at_snu.ac.kr