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Splash Screen
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Section 1-7
Economic and Political Developments

• After World War II, Latin American countries
  developed industries to produce goods that were
  formerly imported. ?

• By the 1960s, however, Latin American countries
  were dependent on the United States, Europe, and
  Japan for the advanced technology needed for
  modern industries. ?
• Many Latin American countries could not find
  foreign markets for their goods.

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Section 1-8
Economic and Political Developments (cont.)

• Economic failures in Latin American countries
  such as Chile, Brazil, and Argentina led to
  instability and reliance on military regimes. ?

• Some regimes encouraged multinational
  corporations, or companies with divisions in more
  than two countries, to come to Latin America. ?
• In the 1970s, Latin American countries borrowed
  money to maintain their weak economies.

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Section 1-9
Economic and Political Developments (cont.)

• By the 1980s, the large debts owed to foreign
  countries caused many Latin American economies to
  fall apart. ?

• To get new loans, Latin American countries were
  forced to make reforms. ?
• The debt crisis in several Latin American
  countries led to the establishment of democratic
  regimes.

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Section 1-10
Economic and Political Developments (cont.)
Why did the debt crisis of the 1980s lead to the
establishment of democratic regimes in Latin
America?
Some military leaders were unwilling to deal with
the large debt problems. Many people realized
that military power without popular consent could
not maintain a strong state.
(pages 901903)
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Section 1-11
Latin American Society

• Between 1950 and the mid-1980s, the population of
  Latin America grew dramatically. ?

• This caused a rapid rise in the number and size
  of cities by 2000. ?
• Slums became part of many Latin American cities.
  ?
• The gap between the rich and the poor in Latin
  America remained quite large. ?
• Many Latin American women have found work outside
  the home.

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Section 1-12
Latin American Society

• The international drug trade has brought crime
  and corruption to some Latin American countries
  and undermined their stability.

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Section 1-14
The United States and Latin America

• In 1948, the states of the Western Hemisphere
  formed the Organization of American States (OAS),
  which called for an end to military action by one
  state in the affairs of any other state. ?

• The United States continued to send troops and
  military aid to Latin American countries to
  protect U.S. interests and help friendly
  dictators and anti-Communist regimes.

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Section 1-16
Latin American Culture

• Latin American writers and artists have been
  granted a high public status because they can
  express the hopes of the people. ?

• In literature, Latin Americans developed a style
  called magic realism, a merging of realistic
  events with dreamlike or fantastic backgrounds. ?
• The novel One Hundred Years of Solitude by
  Gabriel García Márquez is one of the foremost
  examples of a work written in this style.

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Section 1-17
Latin American Culture (cont.)

• After World War II, Latin American art and
  architecture were strongly influenced by
  international styles. ?

• Oscar Niemeyer is Latin Americas greatest modern
  architect.

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Section 2-7
The Mexican Way

• Since the Mexican Revolution at the beginning of
  the twentieth century, the official political
  party of Mexico was the Institutional
  Revolutionary Party (PRI). ?

• At the end of the 1960s, students began to
  protest Mexicos one-party government system.

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Section 2-8
The Mexican Way (cont.)

• In the late 1970s, large new oil reserves were
  discovered in Mexico. ?

• The government became dependent on oil revenues.
  ?
• Oil prices dropped in the mid-1980s, forcing the
  government to adopt new economic policies, such
  as privatization, or the sale of government-owned
  companies to private firms.

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Section 2-9
The Mexican Way (cont.)

• The debt crisis and rising unemployment led to
  decreased support for the PRI. ?

• In 2000, Vicente Fox defeated the PRI for the
  presidency.

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Section 2-11
The Cuban Revolution

• In the 1950s, an opposition movement arose in
  Cuba. ?

• Led by Fidel Castro, its aim was to overthrow
  dictator Fulgencio Batista. ?
• Castros revolutionaries gained control of
  Havana in 1959. ?
• Many Cubans who disagreed with Castro fled to the
  United States.

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Section 2-12
The Cuban Revolution (cont.)

• Relations between the United States and Cuba
  quickly deteriorated as Castro began to receive
  aid from the Soviet Union and arms from Eastern
  Europe. ?

• In October 1960, the United States declared a
  trade embargo prohibiting trade with Cuba. ?
• In January 1961 the United States broke
  diplomatic relations with Cuba.

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Section 2-13
The Cuban Revolution (cont.)

• In April 1961, U.S. president John F. Kennedy
  supported an attempt to overthrow Castros
  government. ?

• The attempt failed. ?
• The Soviets then placed missiles in Cuba, leading
  to the Cuban missile crisis.

(pages 907908)
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Section 2-14
The Cuban Revolution (cont.)

• The Cuban economy relied on Soviet aid and the
  purchase of Cuban sugar by Soviet bloc countries.
  ?

• When the Soviet Union collapsed, Cuba lost its
  support. ?
• Cubas economy has continued to decline.

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Section 2-16
Upheaval in Central America

• The economies of Central American countries rely
  on the export of bananas, coffee, and cotton. ?

• Prices for these goods have varied over time,
  causing economic crises. ?
• The gap between the rich and the poor in Central
  America causes instability. ?
• The fear of the spread of communism in the region
  caused the United States to support repressive
  regimes.

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Section 2-17
Upheaval in Central America (cont.)

• In the late 1970s and 1980s, El Salvador had a
  bitter civil war. ?

• During Ronald Reagans presidency, the United
  States gave military aid to the Salvadoran army
  to defeat the Marxist-led guerrillas. ?
• Finally, in 1992, a peace settlement ended the
  war.

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Section 2-18
Upheaval in Central America (cont.)

• In 1937, the Somoza family gained and kept
  control of Nicaragua until 1979. ?

• The United States supported this repressive
  regime. ?
• In 1979, the United States refused to support the
  regime any longer. ?
• Marxist guerrilla forces, known as Sandinistas,
  gained control of Nicaragua. ?
• The contras, a group opposed to the Sandinistas,
  tried to overthrow the government.

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Section 2-19
Upheaval in Central America (cont.)

• The Reagan and Bush administrations supported the
  contras. ?

• In 1990, the Sandinistas agreed to free
  elections.

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Section 2-20
Upheaval in Central America (cont.)

• In 1903, the United States helped Panama gain
  independence from Colombia. ?

• In return, the United States was able to build
  the Panama Canal and gained great influence over
  the government and economy of Panama. ?
• After 1968, military leaders controlled power in
  Panama.

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Section 2-20
Upheaval in Central America (cont.)

• In 1989, the United States sent troops to Panama
  to arrest its military leader, Manuel Noriega,
  who was later sent to prison in the United States
  for drug trafficking.

• In 1999, the Panama Canal was turned over to
  Panama as outlined in a 1977 treaty.

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Section 3-7
Argentina

• For years, Argentina was ruled by a powerful
  oligarchy. ?

• In 1943, a group of military officers overthrew
  the oligarchy. ?
• Juan Perón used his position as labor secretary
  in the military government to win over the
  working class. ?
• He encouraged them to join labor unions, and he
  increased job benefits.

(pages 911912)
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Section 3-8
Argentina (cont.)

• Juan Perón was elected president of Argentina in
  1946. ?

• To please his main supporters labor and the
  working middle classPerón increased
  industrialization. ?
• He worked to rid Argentina of foreign investors.
  ?
• His regime was authoritarian.

(pages 911912)
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Section 3-9
Argentina (cont.)

• Perón died in 1974. ?

• A new military regime took power in 1976. ?
• To divert peoples attention from economic
  problems, the regime invaded the Falkland
  Islands but was defeated by Great Britain.

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Section 3-10
Argentina (cont.)

• In 1983, Raúl Alfonsín was elected president of
  Argentina and worked to restore democratic
  practices. ?

• In 1989, Carlos Saúl Menem won the presidential
  election. ?
• The peaceful transfer of power gave rise to hope
  for democracy in Argentina.

(pages 911912)
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Section 3-12
Brazil

• After World War II, Brazils democratically
  elected governments were unable to solve the
  countrys severe economic problems. ?

• In 1964, the military seized control of Brazil. ?
• The military reduced government interference in
  the economy and stressed free market forces. ?
• Brazils economy grew dramatically.

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Section 3-13
Brazil (cont.)

• The gap between the rich and the poor of Brazil
  widened. ?

• The inflation rate grew to 100 percent a year. ?
• The military regime was replaced by a return to
  democracy in 1985. ?
• A massive foreign debt, severe inflation, and a
  lack of social unity faced the new democratic
  government. ?
• In the 1990s, a series of democratically elected
  presidents led to some stability in Brazils
  economy.

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Section 3-15
Chile

• In 1970, Marxist Salvador Allende was elected
  president of Chile. ?

• He increased the wages of industrial workers and
  nationalized the largest domestic and
  foreign-owned corporations. ?
• Nationalization of the copper industry angered
  American owners of the copper companies and the
  American government.

(page 913)
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Section 3-16
Chile (cont.)

• In 1973, fearful of Allendes growing support,
  the Chilean army led by General Augusto Pinochet
  overthrew Allendes government. ?

• The military set up a dictatorship with Pinochet
  as its leader. ?
• Pinochets government was one of the most brutal
  in Chiles history. ?
• In 1989, free elections led to the defeat of
  Pinochet and to a more democratic system.

(page 913)
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Section 3-18
Peru

• The history of Perus government is one of
  instability. ?

• The economy has a history of extreme ups and
  downs. ?
• In 1968, General Juan Velasco Alvarado took over
  Perus government. ?
• He seized about 75 percent of the nations large
  landed estates and put ownership of the land into
  the hands of peasant cooperativesfarm
  organizations owned by and operated for the
  peasants benefits.

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Section 3-19
Peru (cont.)

• In 1975, Peruvian military leaders removed
  Alvarado from power. ?

• In 1980, the military returned Peru to civilian
  rule. ?
• The new government had problems with the Shining
  Path, a group of radical guerrillas with ties to
  Communist China who killed missionaries, mayors,
  priests, and peasants. ?
• They wanted to rid Peru of all authority and
  create a classless society.

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Section 3-20
Peru (cont.)

• In June 2001, Alejandro Toledo became Perus
  first freely elected president of Native American
  descent.

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Section 3-22
Colombia

• A conservative elite led by the owners of coffee
  plantations has dominated Colombias democratic
  political system. ?

• After World War II, Marxist guerrilla groups
  began to organize Colombian peasants. ?
• The government killed more than two hundred
  thousand peasants by the mid-1960s. ?
• Violence continued through the 1980s and 1990s.

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Section 3-23
Colombia (cont.)

• Poor peasants turned to coca leaves, used to make
  cocaine, as a cash crop. ?

• The drug trade increased under powerful cartels.
  ?
• The United States and Colombian governments have
  waged an aggressive war on drugs, which included
  deployment of U.S. troops to Colombia in 2003.

(page 914)
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