NJ ASK REVIEW

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NJ ASK REVIEW

• PHYSICAL SCIENCE

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Physical Science

• Science Safety
• Scientific Method
• Chemistry
• Physics

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MATTER

• Physical Properties
• Describe matter without changing matter
• 4 general properties
• Mass, weight, volume and density

• Examples
• 5 senses
• State
• Malleability
• Ductility
• Boiling Point
• Solubility
• Viscosity

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MATTER

• Chemical Properties
• Describes matter as it changes its chemical
  make-up
• A new substance is formed

• Examples
• Reactivity
• (Baking Soda Vinegar -gt
  Gas)
• Flammability

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States / Structure

• Solid
• - Crystalline
• - Amorphous
• Liquid
• Gas
• Plasma

• Molecules packed together and vibrating
• Molecules rolling over each other
• Molecules moving all over
• Molecules moving super fast speeds

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Change of State

• Endothermic
• - molecules speed up
• Melting
• Vaporization
• - Evaporation
• - Boiling
• Sublimation

• Exothermic
• - Molecules slow down
• Freezing
• Condensation

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Elements

• Pure substance
• (one type of molecule)
• Ex. Periodic Table
• Gold
• Hydrogen
• Tin
• Neon

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Elements - Classification

• Metals - Tin, gold, silver, aluminum
• Non-Metals - Neon, Argon, Nitrogen,
  Carbon
• Metalloids- Boron, Silicon, Arsenic

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Compounds

• Chemical combination of elements changes the
  characteristics of the individual elements

• Na Cl -gt NaCl
• Water
• Carbon Dioxide
• Baking Soda
• Sugar

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Mixtures / Solutions

• How matter is organized
• Heterogenous
• (Easily separated)
• Homogeneous
• (More uniform)

• Solvent- dissolving
• Solute - dissolved
• Solubility
• Ex. Lemonade

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Atomic Structure

• Nucleus contain protons () and neutrons ()
• Electron (-) cloud / shell

• Whats Inside?

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How to Determine Data from an Element Key

• Element Key

• Atomic Protons
• electrons
• Atomic Mass Protons
  Neutrons
• Neutrons At. Mass
  Atomic

13 Al Aluminum 27.0
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Physics Matter in Motion
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Matter in Motion

• Motion changes in position from
  reference point
• Speed Distance/time
• Velocity speed in given direction
• Acceleration Rate at which velocity
  changes

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Force

• Force push or pull
• Net force combining all forces
• Same direction () add forces together
• Opposing directions (-) subtract forces

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Friction

• Force that opposes motion between two surfaces
  touching
• Sliding
• Rolling
• Fluid
• Static

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Temperature

• Measure of the average kinetic energy of the
  molecules in an object
• Kinetic energy in motion
• Potential energy stored
• - Measured with Thermometer

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Gravity

• Force of attraction between objects due to their
  masses
• Mass amount of matter in object
• Weight measure of the gravitational force
  exerted on an object

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Newtons First Law of Motion

• An object at rest remains at rest and an object
  in motion remains in motion at a constant speed
  unless acted upon by an unbalanced force
• Inertia

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Newtons Second Law of Motion

• The acceleration of an object depends on the mass
  of the object and the amount of force applied
• F ma

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Newtons Third Law of Motion

• For every action there is opposite and equal
  reaction

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Work

• Work force causes an object to move in the
  direction of the force
• F x D W(joules)
• Power rate at which work is done
• P W/T ( joules/sec)

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• 6 simple machines mechanical device that makes
  work easier with only one movement
• lever 3 classes of leverfirst class
• second class
• Third class --
• Pivotal point --- fulcrum
• position of fulcrum changes based on type of
  lever
• 2. Wheel and axle
• 3. Inclined plane--ramp
• 4. The screw inclined plane spiraled around a
  cylinder
• 5. pulleys-fixed and moveable
• 6. wedge--- cuts stuff

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Energy - Forms

• Thermal heat
• Chemical break-down of compounds
• Electrical moving electrons

• Sound vibrations
• Light vibrations of electrically charged
• particles
• Nuclear changes in nucleus of atom

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Energy Transfer CONDUCTION

• Direct contact from one object to another
• Ex. Pot on stove
• Ex. Metal Spoon in Soup
• Ex. Copper Pipes

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Energy Transfer - CONVECTION

• Movement of liquid or gas
• Ex. Hot-air popper
• Boiling Water (convection currents)
• Air Masses (weather)

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Energy Transfer - RADIATION

• Transfer of energy through matter or space as
  electromagnetic waves, visible light or infrared
  waves
• Ex. Space Heater
• Microwave Oven

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MAGNETISM

• POLESN AND S POLES ON ENDS OF MAGNETS
• LAW OF MAGNETISM
• LIKE POLES REPEL UNLIKE POLES ATTRACT.
• MAG. FIELD AREA AROUND A MAGNET WHERE FORCES
  EXIST. STRONGEST AT THE POLES.

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MAGNETIC DOMAINS

• AREAS OF ATOMS ALIGNED IN THE MAGNET TO KEEP THE
  MAGNETISM. IF THEY FACE IN DIFF. DIRECTIONS, AND
  ARE NOT ALIGNEDNO MAGNETISM.

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Electricity

• 2 TYPES STATIC AND CURRENT
• Static electricity is a build-up of electric
  charges on an object
• Law of charges
• electric discharge --Static electricity is lost
  due to contact w/something, ex. Lightning to
  ground

Like charges repel unlike charges attract
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Electricity 2

• Lightning rods work by directing the electric
  charge carried by lightning
• CURRENT ELECTRICITY
• Electric current is a continuous flow of charge
  (motion of electrons)
• SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY
• Batteries- are made of cells that convert
  chemical energy to electrical energy
• Oil, gas, wind, water, steam, biomass, etc.

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Electricity 3

• Circuits consists of energy source, a load,
  wires and sometimes a switch
• Fuses and circuit breakers protect your home
  against circuit failure
• Electric power is the rate at which electrical
  energy does work

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Waves

• Any disturbance that transmits energy through
  matter or space
• Carry Energy

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Wave Properties

• Amplitude height of wave
• Wavelength distance of wave
• Frequency number of waves produced in
  a given time
• Wave speed the speed of a wave
• Medium substance in which waves travel
  through ( s, l , g)

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Wave Interactions

• Reflection wave bounces back
• Refraction wave bends
• Diffraction wave bends around object
• Interference waves overlap

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Refraction-change in direction of wave due to its
speed
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diffraction
Addition of 2 or more waves that cause new wave
pattern
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Mirrors

• Reflect light
• Plane mirrors produce virtual images that are
  the same size as the objects. These images are
  reversed left to right
• 2 main kinds of mirrors
• Convex mirrors curves outwardmakes a wider view
  of everything
• Concave mirrorscurves inward-magnifies everything

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SOUND

• Needs a medium to travel( solid, l, or gas )
• Travels with rarefactions and compressions
• Like a slinky.
• Wave type longitudinal wave

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LIGHT

• Light travels on an ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE
• Does not need a medium to travel through
• A wave that travels on changing electric and
  magnetic fields
• Wave type transverse wave

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Visible Light

• Narrow range of wavelengths and frequencies in
  the electromagnetic spectrum
• Humans Sight
• Longest wavelengths red light
• Shortest wavelengths violet light

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ROYGBIV

• Visible light colors
• All colors are combined white light
• Ex. sunlight, incandescent light bulbs and
  fluorescent light bulbs emit white light

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Why we see the colors we see?

• When white light shines on a strawberry, only the
  red light is reflected.
• All the other colors of light are absorbed.
• Therefore the strawberry looks red to you.

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Ideas to Review

• OEQ provide full thoughts
• Add extras diagrams, data from full science
  background
• Think before you answer question
• GOOD LUCK

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Machines

• MACHINE
• A device that helps make work easier, faster,
  or by changing the size or direction of the force

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Compound machines

• More than 1 simple machine working together---
  more mechanical advantage