Title: ?? ????
1??????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????
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- ?/ ????? ???? ????
- ?????? ??????? ????????
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- ????? ?????
2?????
- ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????
?????? ??? ??????? ???????. - ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? 81 ????? ????
????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????
3???????
- 1. ??????
- ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???- ????? ?????????
?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???
????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???
???? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????
????????? ??????. (????? ??????? ??????) - 2. ????? ??????
- ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? (????????_
????????_ ????????) ???? ?????? ?????????
???????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????
??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? .
4?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? (????)
- 3. ??????? ???????? ???????
- ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???
????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??
?????? ?? ???????(? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????
??????). - . ?????? ????????
- ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??
??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????
???? ??????? ? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??
?????.
5?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? (????)
- . ?????? ???????
- ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??????
?? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????
???????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??
?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????
??????. - 4. ????? ??? ????? ???????(????? ???? ????? )
- ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ??
???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????
????? ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??
??????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????
???????.
6??????? ???????? ???????
7??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????
????? ??????? ????????
???? ???????
?????? ????????
???? ???? ?????
????? ???? ???????
???? ????? ???????
?????? ( ??????/ ?????? )
???? ?????? ??????-??????
??? ????????? ????? ?????
???? ????? ?????
???? ????
????????? ???????
????? ???????? ????? ??????
?????? ????????
???? ????
8??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????
???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???
?????? ??????
??? ????? ??? ??????
????? ??????? ????? ?????
????
9????? ?????
- ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????
????? ??? ???? ?????
???????
???????
???????
10??????? ??????????
???????
???????
??? ????? ?? ???? ??????
?????
???????
??????????
??????
????? ??????
????? ???? ??? ??????
???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????
11??????? ??????????
- ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????.
- ????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????
???? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???????
???????? ???- - ????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??
??????? ???????? - ????????? ????????? ????????
- ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ???????
- ???? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ???????
???? ?????????? ?? ?????? 100.000 ??? ???? ??
??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????
123- ??????? ??????????
???
????
??????? ????????
????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????
????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????
13 ??? ??????? ???????? ???????
?????
??????? ???????? ???????
???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???????
????? ????? ??? ??????
????? ?????
?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????/
???? ????
????????
??????? , ???????, ??????
14?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ??
???????!!!
- 12 ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????
??????? ????? ?? 70 ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?????
???????. - ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????
?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? . - ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??? 2008? ??? ???
????? 294000???? ????? 154?????? ???? ? 6 ????? - ??? 2002? ?? ????? ???? ?? 60000 ???? ??????? ??
????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????
?????? ??????
15?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ??
???????!!!
- ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????
???????? ??????? ????? 37 ????? ????? (????-
?????? ????- ???? ?? ?????) - ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????
???? ???? ??? 700 ????? ????? - ??? 1971-1972? ???? ????? 50.000 ??? ????????
??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????
????????
16???? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????, ???????,
1980-1995
??? ???????
x 1000
17?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????
??????? ????????? - ???????? ??????? ?????????
- 5000 ???? ????
- 325.000 ???? ????? ?????????
- 76 ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????
18??????? ???????? ??????? - ???????
????????? ???? ????? ????? ??????????? ??
????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????
????? ???????????? ???????
19????? ??????????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????
Source PHLS, London
20??????? ???????? ???????- ????????
????????????
?????????
???????? ?????? ?
?????
???????
21????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????? ????? -
????????
??????? ???????
???????
22??????? ??? ???? ????????? ?????????
???????? 1000????? ????
??????? ??????? ???? ????? 40 ????? ???? ????
?? ???? ? ??????? ? ?????? ?????????
(Source Dr Carlo Urbani, WHO)
23???????? ????????
- ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????
- ????? ???????? ????????
- ??????????? ????????
- ?????? ????????? ? ??????? ???????
- ???? ?????????? ???????
- ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????
24??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????????, 1950-2006
160
????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? 5
????? ?? ??? 1950
??? ????? ???????? ????????
120
80
40
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Source WTO, 2000
25????? ?????? ?? ??? 1950-2006?
????? ???? ?? 2 ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? 2006
?????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????
???????-2002
26???????? ??????
- ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????
??????? - ??? 2005 ?? ????? 1.8 ????? ???? ????? ???????
?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????
??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???
??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? - ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????????
???? ???? ?? 30 - ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????
???????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????????? ?????
??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????
?? ??? ?????
27???????? ??????
- ?? ????? ??? 224.000 ???? ????? ???? ????? ????
???????????? ????????? ??????? ??? 1994 - ??? ????? 200.000???? ????? ?? ??????? ????
???????????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? - ?? ??????? ?? 14.886 ???? ?? ??????? ??? 2000?
???? ???? ???? ????????
28???????? ??????
- ??? 82? ???? ???? ?? 500??? ?? ??????? ?????
?????? ???? ?? 20.000 ??? ???? ???? ??? ????
????? - ?? ??????? ??? ????? 1000.000 ????? ???? ?????
???? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????? - ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?? 300.000??? ???? ?????????
?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????
29???????? ??????
- ?? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ?????
?????? ??????? ??? ????? 11.826 ???? ?? ????? ???
????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? 1996 - ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???????
??????????? (??? 100.000) ????? ?????? - ????????? (130)
- ??????????? (123)
- ???????? (306)
30???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????
???????
?????????
????????
31
28
???? 5
21
3
??????? ????? 0157
3
????????????
7
????? ??????
???????????
31 ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????
Source U. Parashar et al, 2002 (in press)
32 ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????
??????
33????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ???????
-????? ????
??????? ?????
25.158
4.116
3.783
2.720
1.573
595
474
?????
???????
?????
???
?????
??????
?????
????????
?????
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
(Parashar, 2003)
34???? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????
????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????????
??????? ??????? ???????
???????? ????????
????? ????? ??????
???? ?????? ?????? ?????
???? ????? ?????
35??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????
- ????? (???????, ???? ???? ???? ????)
- ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????
- ??? ???????
- ?????? ?????? ?????
36???? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????
37????? ????? ???? ??????? -??????
? ????? ???? ??????? (?????) ??????? (?????) ????? ????? ??????? (DALYs)
1 ???????? ??????/ ?????? ????? ? ???????? ????? 640.000 7.000 74.000
2 ?????????? 1000.000 370 14.000
3 ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? 720.000 12 11.000
4 ?????? ???????? ?? ???? 820 11.000
5 ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? 400.000 24 8.400
6 ?????? 1.700 130 5.400
7 ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? 75.000 - 300.000 20-200 1.000-4.000
8 ???????? ??????? 930 91 2.600
9 ??????? ????????? ????????? 27.000 23 2.400
10 ???? (?????) 38 91 1.300
???????????? ????????? ????? ????? ????????
???????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????,
25-27 ?????? 2006, ?????
38???? ??? ?????
- ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????
???????? ??????? ???? ?????? - ??????
- ?????
- ?????? ?????????? ???????????
39????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????
- ????????? ????????
- ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???????
- ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????
?????????? - ??????? ???????? ?????
- ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ???
??????? ??????
403-????????
?2-????????
?1- ????
??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????
???????
411-??????? ??????
- 20 ?? ???????? ??????????????? ???? ????? ?????
???? ????? (?????? ??????? ????? ? ???? ??????
??????). - ???? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?? 30 ????? ??
??????? ???????? ??????? . - ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????
??? ????? ???? ???????. - ??? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ???? 150 ???? ??
???????? ??? 96? - ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????
??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????
??????? .
421-??????? ?????? (????)
- ???????
- ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????
-
- ??????
- ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????
?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????????? ?? ??????
43???? ?????? ??????????? ???????? (????? ??????)
44 ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????
???????
???????? ????????? ???????? ??
??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ???? ????? ? ?????? ?????? ??????
???????????? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ? ??????? ????? ??? ? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ????????? ? ???? ???? ? ????????? ????????? ??????????
?? ????? ?????? EPEC - EHEC ????????? ????????? ?????????? ? ????? ???????
??????? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ? ?????? ?????? ? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ? ??????
????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ???? ????? ? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ????????? ? ??????? ?????? ? ???????? ?????????? ? ???? ???? ? ?????? ????? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ????????.
????? ????? ??????? ??????? ? ???????? ?????? ? ???? ???? ? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ??????? ???????? ? ????????? ????????? ??????????
??????????? ???????? ???????? ? ????? ????? ??????
??????? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ? ???? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ????????? ? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ? ?????? ?????? ??????
45??????? ??????
???????
??? ?????
????
????? ???????- ??? ???????
462-??????? ??????????
- ?????? ??????
- ????? ?????
- ?????? ???????
- ??? ??????
- ????? ???????
- ????? ??? ?????
- ?????? ???????
- ?????? ???? ???????
- ???? ????? ?????
- ?????? ??????
- ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????
- ???? ???????
472-??????? ?????????? (????)
- ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????
?????? - ????? ??????? ?????????
- ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????
- ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???????
- ????? ??? ?????? ??????
48Economic impact, selected infectious disease
outbreaks, 1990-2003
US E. coli 0157 Food recall/destruction Periodic
Hong Kong - influenza A(H5N1) Poultry
destruction 1997
UK - BSE US 39 billion 1990-1998
Malaysia- Nipah Pig destruction 1999
India - Plague US 1.7 billion 1995
Peru - Cholera US 770 million 1991
Tanzania - Cholera US 36 million 1998
Asia SARS US 30 billion 2003
49?????????
- ?????? ??? ????? 164.7 ????? ???? ?????
- 163.2 ????? ???? ?? ????? ???????
- 1.5 ????? ???? ?? ????? ????????
- 69 ?? ????????, 61 ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???????
??? ?? 5 ????? - ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????
? ?????
1 S. flexneri 60
2 S. sonnei 15
3 S. boydii 6
4 S. dysenteriae 6
30 ?? ??????? ??????? (S. dysenteriae ) ??
????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?
Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 1999,
77 (8)
50??????? ?????
- ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? , ??????
??????? - ???? ???????? ??????????? ??? 2000 ????? ??? ??
?????? ?? ??? 1990-1995 ??? ??? 1400 ???? ?????
???? ??? ????????. - ?? ?????? ??? 1995, ???? ??????? ?????????? ????
??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? 1.8
????? ????? - ????? ??????? ????????? 1.3- 6.2 ????? ?????
- ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? 8 ????? ?????
51???????????
- ??? ????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????
?? 1996- 1999 ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ????????
?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? Foodborne
Diseases Active Surveillance Network) (FoodNet)) - 1.4 ????? ????
- 168.000 ?????? ????
- 15.000 ???? ????? ?????????
- 400 ???? ?????
- ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????????? ?????
????? 3 ????? ????
52?? ?????
- ????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????
?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? (Escherichia
coli O157) ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? - 73.000 ????
- gt 2000 ???? ??? ??????? ????????
- 60 ????
- ???? ??????? ?????????? 405 ????? ????? ????
?????? ??????? , ?????? ??????, ???? ???????
????? ??????? - ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?????
- 26 ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????
- 6.2 ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???????
???????? ????????? ?????????? (hemolytic uremic
syndrome) - Journal of Food Protection, Vol. 68, No. 12,
2005, Pages 26232630
532-??????? ?????????? (????)
- ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ??????
1000 ????? ????? ?? ??? 1987 ???? 10 ?? ?????
????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? 50 ?? ?????
??????? ?????????. - ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????
???? ?????? ???? ?? 100.000 ????? ?? ??? 1977 - ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ????? 700
????? ????? ??? 1991 - ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? 36 ?????
????? ??? 1996 - 5 ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? 96? ?????? ???????
??? 300-700 ????? ???? ????????
542-??????? ?????????? (????)
- ???? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??? 1989 ?????????
??????? ????????? ?????? 6.777.000.000 ????? - ??? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????
??????? ?? - 76 ????? ???? ??? ????? ???????
- ???? 325 ??? ???? ?????
- ????? ??????? ????????? 3 ????? ?????
- ????? ???? ????????? ?? ??? 20-40 ????? ?????
- ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? 6.5-35
????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????
????????
552- ??????? ??????????
- ?? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????
????? ????? 45000 ??? ???? ???????? - ???? ???????? ????? ???? ?? 2.6 ????? ?????
??????? ???? 11.500 ???? ???? ????? . - ???? ????? ????? ???????????? ?? ????????? ???
96? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? 85 ??? 3
??? 2002? - ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????
?????? ????????? ?????? ?????. - ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????????
???????
562-??????? ?????????? (????)
- ??? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ???? 2003
?? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? - ???? ????? 495 ????? / ?????
- ????? ?????? 75 ????? / ??????? ???????
- ??????? ?????????770 ????? / ?????
- ????????? 1.68 ????? ????? (????? ?????)
- ??????? 9.7 ????? ?????
- ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????
573-??????? ??????????
- ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???????
- ?? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ???
?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????
????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ? ??? ???
?????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????
583-??????? ?????????? (????)
- ???????
- ??????? ????????
- ?????? ???????
- ????? ???????
- ????? ???????
- ????? ?????
-
59??????? ????????
- ???? -
- ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? (???? ?????)
- ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??????
?????? ????????. - ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ???????
?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????. - ?? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??
????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????
???????? ????????.
60???????? ???? ????? ????? ??????
- ???? 50??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????
??? ?? ????? ????? - (???? ?? 8 ????? ???)
- ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???????
???? 10.000 ???? ??? ??????? (700 ?? ????? ??
?????) - ?? ??? 2025? ????? 1000 ????? ??? ??????? ?????
????? ??? 60 ??? ????? ?? 2/3 ?? ????? ???????
- ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?
??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ? ???
???????? ???????? ??????? ???????. - ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??
????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??
??????? ?? ???? ???????.
61???????? ???? ????? ????? ??????
- ??? ????? ????????? - ???? ??????? ????? ???????
??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??????????
???? ???? ??? ????? - ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???-
- ??? ??????? ??????
- ???????? ????? ?????? ????????
- ??? ?? 10 ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???
- ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????
62?????? ??????? ??????????
??????
?????
63????????? ??????? ?????????? (????)
?????? ??????? ?????????? (????)
???????
?????
64??? ??????? ??????
65???????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??????
- ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????
????? ??????? (???? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????
???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??????
?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????
???????? ) - ???? -
- ????? ???????
- ????????? ?????????? ???? ??? (2) ???? ?????
- ?? ???? ??????? (2500) ???? ?????
- ??????? ??? (4000) ???? ?????
- ??? 7 ?? 28 ???? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???
???? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? .
66????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???????
???????? ???????
- ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????????
- ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????
- ??? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????
?????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??? ??????
????? ?????? - ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????????
?????? ??? ????? ??????? (???????? ?????????
???????? ??????????? ?????? )
67????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???????
???????? ???????
- ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????
???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????? - ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????
- ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????
- ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????????
68???? ???? ????????