?? ???? - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

1 / 68
About This Presentation
Title:

?? ????

Description:

Title: Author: eman helmy – PowerPoint PPT presentation

Number of Views:40
Avg rating:3.0/5.0
Slides: 69
Provided by: emanh
Category:

less

Transcript and Presenter's Notes

Title: ?? ????


1
??????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????
???????? ???????
  • ?/ ????? ???? ????
  • ?????? ??????? ????????
  • ??????? ?????? ????? ????????
  • ????? ?????

2
?????
  • ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????
    ?????? ??? ??????? ???????.
  • ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? 81 ????? ????
    ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????

3
???????
  • 1. ??????
  • ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???- ????? ?????????
    ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???
    ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???
    ???? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????
    ????????? ??????. (????? ??????? ??????)
  • 2. ????? ??????
  • ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? (????????_
    ????????_ ????????) ???? ?????? ?????????
    ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????
    ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? .

4
?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? (????)
  • 3. ??????? ???????? ???????
  • ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???
    ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??
    ?????? ?? ???????(? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????
    ??????).
  • . ?????? ????????
  • ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??
    ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????
    ???? ??????? ? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??
    ?????.

5
?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? (????)
  • . ?????? ???????
  • ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??????
    ?? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????
    ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??
    ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????
    ??????.
  • 4. ????? ??? ????? ???????(????? ???? ????? )
  • ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ??
    ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????
    ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??
    ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????
    ???????.

6
??????? ???????? ???????
7
??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????
????? ??????? ????????
???? ???????
?????? ????????
???? ???? ?????
????? ???? ???????
???? ????? ???????
?????? ( ??????/ ?????? )
???? ?????? ??????-??????

??? ????????? ????? ?????
???? ????? ?????
???? ????
????????? ???????
????? ???????? ????? ??????
?????? ????????
???? ????
8
??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????
???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???
?????? ??????
??? ????? ??? ??????
????? ??????? ????? ?????
????
9
????? ?????
  • ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????
    ????? ??? ???? ?????

???????
???????
???????
10
??????? ??????????
???????
???????
??? ????? ?? ???? ??????
?????
???????
??????????
??????
????? ??????
????? ???? ??? ??????
???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????
11
??????? ??????????
  • ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????.
  • ????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????
    ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???????
    ???????? ???-
  • ????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??
    ??????? ????????
  • ????????? ????????? ????????
  • ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ???????
  • ???? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ???????
    ???? ?????????? ?? ?????? 100.000 ??? ???? ??
    ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????

12
3- ??????? ??????????
???
????
??????? ????????
????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????
????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????
13
??? ??????? ???????? ???????
?????
??????? ???????? ???????
???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???????
????? ????? ??? ??????
????? ?????
?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????/
???? ????
????????
??????? , ???????, ??????
14
?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ??
???????!!!
  • 12 ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????
    ??????? ????? ?? 70 ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?????
    ???????.
  • ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????
    ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? .
  • ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??? 2008? ??? ???
    ????? 294000???? ????? 154?????? ???? ? 6 ?????
  • ??? 2002? ?? ????? ???? ?? 60000 ???? ??????? ??
    ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????
    ?????? ??????

15
?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ??
???????!!!
  • ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????
    ???????? ??????? ????? 37 ????? ????? (????-
    ?????? ????- ???? ?? ?????)
  • ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????
    ???? ???? ??? 700 ????? ?????
  • ??? 1971-1972? ???? ????? 50.000 ??? ????????
    ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????
    ????????

16
???? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????, ???????,
1980-1995

??? ???????
x 1000
17
?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????
??????? ????????? - ???????? ??????? ?????????
  • 5000 ???? ????
  • 325.000 ???? ????? ?????????
  • 76 ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????

18
??????? ???????? ??????? - ???????
????????? ???? ????? ????? ??????????? ??
????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????
????? ???????????? ???????
19
????? ??????????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????
Source PHLS, London
20
??????? ???????? ???????- ????????
????????????
?????????
???????? ?????? ?
?????
???????
21
????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????? ????? -
????????
??????? ???????
???????
22
??????? ??? ???? ????????? ?????????
???????? 1000????? ????
??????? ??????? ???? ????? 40 ????? ???? ????
?? ???? ? ??????? ? ?????? ?????????
(Source Dr Carlo Urbani, WHO)
23
???????? ????????
  • ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????
  • ????? ???????? ????????
  • ??????????? ????????
  • ?????? ????????? ? ??????? ???????
  • ???? ?????????? ???????
  • ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????

24
??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????????, 1950-2006
160
????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? 5
????? ?? ??? 1950
??? ????? ???????? ????????
120
80
40
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Source WTO, 2000
25
????? ?????? ?? ??? 1950-2006?
????? ???? ?? 2 ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? 2006
?????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????
???????-2002
26
???????? ??????
  • ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????
    ???????
  • ??? 2005 ?? ????? 1.8 ????? ???? ????? ???????
    ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????
    ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???
    ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????????
  • ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????????
    ???? ???? ?? 30
  • ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????
    ???????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????????? ?????
    ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????
    ?? ??? ?????

27
???????? ??????
  • ?? ????? ??? 224.000 ???? ????? ???? ????? ????
    ???????????? ????????? ??????? ??? 1994
  • ??? ????? 200.000???? ????? ?? ??????? ????
    ???????????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????
  • ?? ??????? ?? 14.886 ???? ?? ??????? ??? 2000?
    ???? ???? ???? ????????

28
???????? ??????
  • ??? 82? ???? ???? ?? 500??? ?? ??????? ?????
    ?????? ???? ?? 20.000 ??? ???? ???? ??? ????
    ?????
  • ?? ??????? ??? ????? 1000.000 ????? ???? ?????
    ???? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?????
  • ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?? 300.000??? ???? ?????????
    ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????

29
???????? ??????
  • ?? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ?????
    ?????? ??????? ??? ????? 11.826 ???? ?? ????? ???
    ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? 1996
  • ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???????
    ??????????? (??? 100.000) ????? ??????
  • ????????? (130)
  • ??????????? (123)
  • ???????? (306)

30
???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????
???????
?????????
????????
31
28
???? 5
21
3
??????? ????? 0157
3
????????????
7
????? ??????
???????????
31
????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????
Source U. Parashar et al, 2002 (in press)
32
??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????
??????
33
????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ???????
-????? ????
??????? ?????
25.158
4.116
3.783
2.720
1.573
595
474
?????
???????
?????
???
?????
??????
?????
????????
?????
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
(Parashar, 2003)
34
???? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????
????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????????
??????? ??????? ???????
???????? ????????
????? ????? ??????
???? ?????? ?????? ?????
???? ????? ?????
35
??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????
  • ????? (???????, ???? ???? ???? ????)
  • ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????
  • ??? ???????
  • ?????? ?????? ?????

36
???? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????
37
????? ????? ???? ??????? -??????
? ????? ???? ??????? (?????) ??????? (?????) ????? ????? ??????? (DALYs)
1 ???????? ??????/ ?????? ????? ? ???????? ????? 640.000 7.000 74.000
2 ?????????? 1000.000 370 14.000
3 ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? 720.000 12 11.000
4 ?????? ???????? ?? ???? 820 11.000
5 ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? 400.000 24 8.400
6 ?????? 1.700 130 5.400
7 ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? 75.000 - 300.000 20-200 1.000-4.000
8 ???????? ??????? 930 91 2.600
9 ??????? ????????? ????????? 27.000 23 2.400
10 ???? (?????) 38 91 1.300
???????????? ????????? ????? ????? ????????
???????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????,
25-27 ?????? 2006, ?????
38
???? ??? ?????
  • ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????
    ???????? ??????? ???? ??????
  • ??????
  • ?????
  • ?????? ?????????? ???????????

39
????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????
  • ????????? ????????
  • ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???????
  • ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????
    ??????????
  • ??????? ???????? ?????
  • ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ???
    ??????? ??????

40
3-????????
?2-????????
?1- ????
??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????
???????
41
1-??????? ??????
  • 20 ?? ???????? ??????????????? ???? ????? ?????
    ???? ????? (?????? ??????? ????? ? ???? ??????
    ??????).
  • ???? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?? 30 ????? ??
    ??????? ???????? ??????? .
  • ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????
    ??? ????? ???? ???????.
  • ??? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ???? 150 ???? ??
    ???????? ??? 96?
  • ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????
    ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????
    ??????? .

42
1-??????? ?????? (????)
  • ???????
  • ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????
  • ??????
  • ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????
    ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????????? ?? ??????

43
???? ?????? ??????????? ???????? (????? ??????)
44
????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????
???????
???????? ????????? ???????? ??
??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ???? ????? ? ?????? ?????? ??????
???????????? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ? ??????? ????? ??? ? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ????????? ? ???? ???? ? ????????? ????????? ??????????
?? ????? ?????? EPEC - EHEC ????????? ????????? ?????????? ? ????? ???????
??????? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ? ?????? ?????? ? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ? ??????
????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ???? ????? ? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ????????? ? ??????? ?????? ? ???????? ?????????? ? ???? ???? ? ?????? ????? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ????????.
????? ????? ??????? ??????? ? ???????? ?????? ? ???? ???? ? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ??????? ???????? ? ????????? ????????? ??????????
??????????? ???????? ???????? ? ????? ????? ??????
??????? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ? ???? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ????????? ? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ? ?????? ?????? ??????
45
??????? ??????
???????
??? ?????
????
????? ???????- ??? ???????
46
2-??????? ??????????
  • ?????? ??????
  • ????? ?????
  • ?????? ???????
  • ??? ??????
  • ????? ???????
  • ????? ??? ?????
  • ?????? ???????
  • ?????? ???? ???????
  • ???? ????? ?????
  • ?????? ??????
  • ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????
  • ???? ???????

47
2-??????? ?????????? (????)
  • ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????
    ??????
  • ????? ??????? ?????????
  • ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????
  • ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???????
  • ????? ??? ?????? ??????

48
Economic impact, selected infectious disease
outbreaks, 1990-2003
US E. coli 0157 Food recall/destruction Periodic
Hong Kong - influenza A(H5N1) Poultry
destruction 1997
UK - BSE US 39 billion 1990-1998
Malaysia- Nipah Pig destruction 1999
India - Plague US 1.7 billion 1995
Peru - Cholera US 770 million 1991
Tanzania - Cholera US 36 million 1998
Asia SARS US 30 billion 2003
49
?????????
  • ?????? ??? ????? 164.7 ????? ???? ?????
  • 163.2 ????? ???? ?? ????? ???????
  • 1.5 ????? ???? ?? ????? ????????
  • 69 ?? ????????, 61 ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???????
    ??? ?? 5 ?????
  • ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????

? ?????
1 S. flexneri 60
2 S. sonnei 15
3 S. boydii 6
4 S. dysenteriae 6
30 ?? ??????? ??????? (S. dysenteriae ) ??
????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?
Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 1999,
77 (8)
50
??????? ?????
  • ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? , ??????
    ???????
  • ???? ???????? ??????????? ??? 2000 ????? ??? ??
    ?????? ?? ??? 1990-1995 ??? ??? 1400 ???? ?????
    ???? ??? ????????.
  • ?? ?????? ??? 1995, ???? ??????? ?????????? ????
    ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? 1.8
    ????? ?????
  • ????? ??????? ????????? 1.3- 6.2 ????? ?????
  • ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? 8 ????? ?????

51
???????????
  • ??? ????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????
    ?? 1996- 1999 ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ????????
    ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? Foodborne
    Diseases Active Surveillance Network) (FoodNet))
  • 1.4 ????? ????
  • 168.000 ?????? ????
  • 15.000 ???? ????? ?????????
  • 400 ???? ?????
  • ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????????? ?????
    ????? 3 ????? ????

52
?? ?????
  • ????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????
    ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? (Escherichia
    coli O157) ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????
  • 73.000 ????
  • gt 2000 ???? ??? ??????? ????????
  • 60 ????
  • ???? ??????? ?????????? 405 ????? ????? ????
    ?????? ??????? , ?????? ??????, ???? ???????
    ????? ???????
  • ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?????
  • 26 ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????
  • 6.2 ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???????
    ???????? ????????? ?????????? (hemolytic uremic
    syndrome)
  • Journal of Food Protection, Vol. 68, No. 12,
    2005, Pages 26232630

53
2-??????? ?????????? (????)
  • ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ??????
    1000 ????? ????? ?? ??? 1987 ???? 10 ?? ?????
    ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? 50 ?? ?????
    ??????? ?????????.
  • ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????
    ???? ?????? ???? ?? 100.000 ????? ?? ??? 1977
  • ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ????? 700
    ????? ????? ??? 1991
  • ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? 36 ?????
    ????? ??? 1996
  • 5 ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? 96? ?????? ???????
    ??? 300-700 ????? ???? ????????

54
2-??????? ?????????? (????)
  • ???? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??? 1989 ?????????
    ??????? ????????? ?????? 6.777.000.000 ?????
  • ??? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????
    ??????? ??
  • 76 ????? ???? ??? ????? ???????
  • ???? 325 ??? ???? ?????
  • ????? ??????? ????????? 3 ????? ?????
  • ????? ???? ????????? ?? ??? 20-40 ????? ?????
  • ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? 6.5-35
    ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????
    ????????

55
2- ??????? ??????????
  • ?? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????
    ????? ????? 45000 ??? ???? ????????
  • ???? ???????? ????? ???? ?? 2.6 ????? ?????
    ??????? ???? 11.500 ???? ???? ????? .
  • ???? ????? ????? ???????????? ?? ????????? ???
    96? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? 85 ??? 3
    ??? 2002?
  • ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????
    ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????.
  • ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????????
    ???????

56
2-??????? ?????????? (????)
  • ??? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ???? 2003
    ?? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ???????
  • ???? ????? 495 ????? / ?????
  • ????? ?????? 75 ????? / ??????? ???????
  • ??????? ?????????770 ????? / ?????
  • ????????? 1.68 ????? ????? (????? ?????)
  • ??????? 9.7 ????? ?????
  • ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????

57
3-??????? ??????????
  • ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???????
  • ?? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ???
    ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????
    ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ? ??? ???
    ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????

58
3-??????? ?????????? (????)
  • ???????
  • ??????? ????????
  • ?????? ???????
  • ????? ???????
  • ????? ???????
  • ????? ?????

59
??????? ????????
  • ???? -
  • ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? (???? ?????)
  • ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??????
    ?????? ????????.
  • ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ???????
    ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????.
  • ?? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??
    ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????
    ???????? ????????.

60
???????? ???? ????? ????? ??????
  • ???? 50??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????
    ??? ?? ????? ?????
  • (???? ?? 8 ????? ???)
  • ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???????
    ???? 10.000 ???? ??? ??????? (700 ?? ????? ??
    ?????)
  • ?? ??? 2025? ????? 1000 ????? ??? ??????? ?????
    ????? ??? 60 ??? ????? ?? 2/3 ?? ????? ???????
  • ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?
    ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ? ???
    ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????.
  • ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??
    ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??
    ??????? ?? ???? ???????.

61
???????? ???? ????? ????? ??????
  • ??? ????? ????????? - ???? ??????? ????? ???????
    ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??????????
    ???? ???? ??? ?????
  • ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???-
  • ??? ??????? ??????
  • ???????? ????? ?????? ????????
  • ??? ?? 10 ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???
  • ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????

62
?????? ??????? ??????????
??????
?????
63
????????? ??????? ?????????? (????)
?????? ??????? ?????????? (????)
???????
?????
64
??? ??????? ??????
65
???????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??????
  • ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????
    ????? ??????? (???? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????
    ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??????
    ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????
    ???????? )
  • ???? -
  • ????? ???????
  • ????????? ?????????? ???? ??? (2) ???? ?????
  • ?? ???? ??????? (2500) ???? ?????
  • ??????? ??? (4000) ???? ?????
  • ??? 7 ?? 28 ???? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???
    ???? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? .

66
????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???????
???????? ???????
  • ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????????
  • ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????
  • ??? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????
    ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??? ??????
    ????? ??????
  • ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????????
    ?????? ??? ????? ??????? (???????? ?????????
    ???????? ??????????? ?????? )

67
????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???????
???????? ???????
  • ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????
    ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????
  • ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????
  • ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????
  • ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????????

68
???? ???? ????????
Write a Comment
User Comments (0)
About PowerShow.com