TAXONOMY:

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TAXONOMY

• Organizing Lifes Diversity

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Random Facts

• It is estimated that there are between 3 and 30
  million species on this planet.
• We have named about 1 million animal species, and
  a half million species of microorganisms and
  plants.
• We are further along with some species than
  others.

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So how do you organize the diversity of life?

• Use your classification skills
• Taxonomy branch of biology that is concerned
  with the identifying, naming and classification
  of organisms

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NOT TAXIDERMY!
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John Ray, 1600s

• When men do not know the name and properties of
  natural objects they cannot see and record
  accurately.

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The Cat of Many Names
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Puma concolor
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1700s

• Carl von Linne Linnaeus
• Father of Taxonomy
• Systema Naturae

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Binomial Naming System

• Genus generic, descriptive of similar species,
  thought to be the same type of organism
• Specific Name/epithet in combo with genus,
  identifies one specific organism

• Bufo americanus
• Mustella vison
• Escherichia coli
• Canus lupus
• Turdus migratorius

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• Linnaean scheme based on perceived similarities
  or differences in morphological traits

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Species

• Biological species concept
• Ecological species concept
• Morphological species concept
• Genealogical species concept

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Olinguito first mammalian carnivore species
newly identified in the Americas in 35 years.
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Why does it matter?
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Linnaeus Father of Taxonomy

• Binomial system core organizing unit for
  classification scheme

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Back in the ancient days...

• Lumped all livings into two groups plants and
  animals
• 14 groups mammals, bird, fish, etc
• Subdivided those by size of organisms

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1500s 1700s

• Age of European global exploration
• Identification and description
• Invention of the light microscope (1600s)

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Rethinking Classification

• 2 Kingdom System
• Plants and Animals
• Persisted for quite awhile
• Fungi and bacteria plants
• 1800s, added third protists

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The hierarchy today(an enhanced version of
Linnaeus scheme)

• Kingdom (most inclusive)
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species (most exclusive)

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Patterns of Relationships

• Higher taxa
• Reflect relationships among species

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LIONs, tigers, and house cats
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Most general grouping?
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Most specific grouping?
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Whittakers System (circa 1969)

• 5 Kingdoms
• Today, we say that there are 6 kingdoms
• Domains

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Lets practicegroup the following objects into
two categories
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Then keep breaking them into smaller groups
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Where would this fit in?
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Successful for 20 years

• Recognized two fundamentally different types of
  cells (pro vs euk)
• Levels of organization (uni vs multi)
• Recognized three kingdoms of multicellular
  eukaryotes based on modes of nutrition

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But

• There appeared to be two distinct lines of
  bacteria (prokaryotes)
• There were the nagging protists
• ANDnew genetic innovations help complicate
  things ?
• And it led to

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Domains Superkingdoms
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Lumpers vs Splitters

• You can continue to subdivide categories
• Ex superorder, order, suborder, and infraorder
• and ultimately end up with 30 different
  categories that can be used to classify

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Take Home Message(s)

• Classification today is based on evolutionary
  relationships
• Increased complexity makes more variations
  possible
• More confident in groupings of families down than
  about relationships among the major groups
• This is the best fit hypothesis based on the
  data.
• Continually tweaked!

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Domain Eukarya

• Contain a membrane-bound nucleus and
  membrane-bound organelles
• Uni and multicellular
• Sexual repro common
• Huge diversity

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• Intro to plant lab

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Most Prokaryotes

• Ubiquitous
• Mostly unicellular
• Cocci, bacilli, helices
• 1-5 micrometers
• Cell wall peptidoglycan
• Capsule
• Pili

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Most Prokaryotes cont.

• No nucleus chromosome circular
• Reproduce asexually
• Metabolic diversity
• Of significant importance to humans

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Domain Bacteria

• Most diverse and widespread
• Most of the known prokaryotes
• Every major mode of nutrition and metabolism is
  represented

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Domain Archaebacteria

• Thought to originate from earliest cells
• Extremophiles
• Methanogens
• Extreme halophiles
• Extreme thermophiles

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Domain Eukarya Protista

• Unicellular eukaryotes simple multicellular
  relatives
• 20 kingdoms?
• Mostly aquatic
• Nutritionally diverse
• Mostly aerobic
• Protozoa, Algae, absorptive

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Domain Eukarya Fungi

• Multicellular eukaryotes
• Saprobes, exoenzymes
• Cell wall chitin
• Some are symbiotic
• Critical ecosystem value
• Commercial value

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Domain Eukarya Plantae

• Multicellular eukaryotes that carry out
  photosynthesis
• Grouped by adaptations to terrestrial living
• Cell wall cellulose

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Domain Eukarya Plantae

• Bryophytes liverworts, hornworts, mosses
• Embryos remain attached
• Nonvascular

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Domain Eukarya Plantae

• Seedless Vascular plants lycophytes, ferns,
  horsetails, whisk ferns
• No seed stage
• Require water for reproduction

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Domain Eukarya Plantae

• Gymnosperm Ginkgo, cycads, gnetae, conifers
• vascular, naked seeds

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Domain Eukarya Plantae

• Angiosperm bear seeds within protective chambers
• FLOWERING PLANTS

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Domain Eukarya Animalia

• What is an animal?

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Domain Eukarya Animalia

• Multicellular eukaryotes that INGEST other
  organisms
• Held together by structural proteins
• Have nervous and muscle tissue

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Domain Eukarya Animalia

• MOST reproduce sexually
• Go through stages of embryonic development
• Have Hox genes

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Domain Eukarya Animalia

• Aerobic
• Broken into two major groups based on the
  presence of a backbone
• Radial or bilateral symmetry
• MOST have Cephalization

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Pause for activity

• Purpose
• To practice/hone your classification skills
• Experience the real challenges of classification