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• ?????? RE ????
• ?????
• ? ? ?
• (2006, 4. 1)
• ???? ???, ???, ???, ???

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• ??? (Induction)
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• (b) ??? ?? ? ??
• (c) ???? ?? ?? (??)
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• ???(deduction)
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• ???? if p, then q. if p, then q.
• But q is not true. q is true.
• p is not true. P may be
  true
• p is
  true-may be false

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Biotechnology

• 21C leading technology
• Use of living organisms or their products to
  modify human health and the human environment
  (growth hormone, insulin)
• Background Biology, Chemistry, Physics
• Applied fields Medicine, Pharmacology,
  Agriculture, Environment (Biosensors), etc.
• Understandings Cell, DNA, RNA, and Protein

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• 1. cell
• Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells

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General Characters of Prokaryotes

• Exist as Bacteria and Archaea
• Size, Shape, Arrangement
  
  ?Various Shape Coccus, Diplococcus, Bacillus,
  Spirochete, etc.
• ?Various Size 0.14-0.2?m, 500 ?m, 600 ?m.
• Structure Except cell wall difference between
  Gram positive and Gram negative, basic
  structures same plasmamembrane surrounded by
  cell wall, simple cytoplasmic matrix (nuleoid,
  ribosome, inclusion body), movement with
  flagella.

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Structure of Gram positive bacteria
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Nucleoid of Prokaryotes
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Nucleoid

• No nuclear envelope, irregular shape of nucleoid
• Single circular double helix DNA, or linear DNA
• Attached to plasma membrane during cell division
• 60 DNA, 30 RNA, 10 Protein
• DNA coiled with RNA and proteins
• Different proteins from histon
• Except chromosomal DNA, contain a circular double
  helix DNA, called plasmid encoding antibiotic
  resistance, transmittable to other prokaryotes.

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General Characters of Eukaryotes

• Difference from Prokaryotes use membraneous
  structures.
• Nuclear envelope, complicated membraneous
  organelle.
• Membrane organelles divide cytoplasmic matrix and
  carry novel functions.
• Membrane organelles used for material transport,
  metabolic activities, cellular control.

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?? 4-1

• Eukaryotic microorganisms
• Paramecium(????), (b) ???? ???
• (c) Penicilium, (d) ??? ??? ?????,
• (e) Stentor, ????? ??, (f) Amanita muscaria
• ???? ??

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?? 4-2
Structure of Eukaryotes (a) Rat lymphoid, (b)
Yeast
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?? 4-3
Structure of Eukaryotes
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? 4-1
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?? 4-25

• Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
• Bacillus megaterium
• (b) Chlamydomonas

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2. DNA

• Structure and Replication

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(copy DNA)
(synthesis of mRNA)
(synthesis of protein)
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DNA ??????
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DNA ???
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DNA ??
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????DNA ??
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Bidirectional replication
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DNA Polymerase reaction mechanism
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DNA Replication in prokaryotes
animation?