PowerPoint Presentation to accompany Hole

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PowerPoint Presentation to
accompanyHoles Human Anatomy and
Physiology, 9/e
byShier, Butler, and Lewis
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Chapter 5

• Tissues

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Tissues

• Cells are organized into layers or groups called
  tissues.
• There are four major tissue types found in the
  body epithelial, connective, muscle, and
  nervous.
• These tissues associate and interact to form
  organs and specialized functions.

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Epithelial Tissue

• Epithelium functions in protection, secretion,
  absorption, and excretion.
• It is composed of tightly packed cells anchored
  to a basement membrane.
• Epithelium lacks blood vessels and rapidly
  divides.
• Epithelial tissues are classified by cell shape
  and number of cell layers.

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Simple Squamous Epithelium

• Simple squamous epithelium consists of a single
  layer of thin, flat cells that fit tightly.

Figure 5.1
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Simple Squamous Epithelium

• It functions in filtration, diffusion, osmosis,
  and covers surfaces.
• It is found in air sacs of the lung, walls of
  capillaries, lines blood vessels, and covers the
  membranes that line body cavities.

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Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

• Simple cuboidal epithelium consists of a single
  layer of cube-shaped cells.

Figure 5.2
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Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

• It functions in secretion and absorption.
• It is found on the surface of the ovaries,
  linings of kidney tubules, linings of the ducts
  of certain glands.

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Simple Columnar Epithelium

• Simple columnar epithelium is a single layer of
  elongated, column-shaped cells.

Figure 5.3
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Simple Columnar Epithelium

• It functions in protection, secretion, and
  absorption.
• It can be ciliated or nonciliated.

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Simple Columnar Epithelium

• Specialized goblet cells secrete mucus.
• It is found lining the uterus, stomach, and
  intestines.

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Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

• Pseudostratified columnar epithelium is a single
  layer of elongated cells that appears to be more
  than one layer.

Figure 5.5
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Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

• It is often ciliated and contains goblet cells.
• It functions in protection, secretion, and
  movement of mucus and cells.
• It is found lining the respiratory passages.

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Stratified Squamous Epithelium

• Stratified squamous epithelium consists of many
  layers of cells with flat cells on the outer
  layers.

Figure 5.6
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Stratified Squamous Epithelium

• It functions in protection.
• It is found in the outer layer of the skin,
  linings of the oral cavity, throat, vagina, and
  anal cavity.

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Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

• Stratified cuboidal epithelium consists of two to
  three layers of cubed-shaped cells.

Figure 5.7
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Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

• It functions in protection.
• It is found in the linings of the mammary glands,
  sweat glands, salivary glands, and pancreas.

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Stratified Columnar Epithelium

• Stratified columnar epithelium consists of a top
  layer of elongated cells, and lower layers of
  cube-shaped cells.

Figure 5.8
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Stratified Columnar Epithelium

• It functions in protection and secretion.
• It is found in the vas deferens, part of the male
  urethra, and parts of the pharynx.

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Transitional Epithelium

• Transitional epithelium consists of many layers
  of cube-shaped and elongated cells.

Figure 5.9a
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Transitional Epithelium

• It functions in distensibility and protection.
• It is found in the inner lining of the urinary
  bladder, ureters and part of the urethra.

Figure 5.9b
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Glandular Epithelium

• Glandular epithelium is composed of cells that
  produce and secrete substances.
• Exocrine glands secrete products into ducts.
• Endocrine glands secrete products into tissue
  fluid or blood.
• A unicellular exocrine gland is the
  mucous-secreting goblet cell.

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Multicellular Glands

• A simple gland communicates with the surface
  through one unbranched duct.

Figure 5.10
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Multicellular Glands

• A compound gland communicates with the surface
  through a branched duct.
• Tubular glands are epithelial-lined tubes.
• Alveolar (acinar) glands have saclike endings.

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Glandular Secretion

• Merocrine glands release fluid through
  exocytosis. Ex salivary glands.

Figure 5.11
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Glandular Secretion

• Apocrine glands release cellular product by
  pinching off the free end of the cell. Ex
  mammary glands.

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Glandular Secretion

• Holocrine glands secrete the entire cell full of
  the secretory product. Ex sebaceous glands.

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Merocrine Secretion

• Most exocrine glands are merocrine.
• There are two types of merocrine cells, serous
  and mucous.
• Serous fluid is watery with a high enzyme
  concentration.
• Mucous cells secrete a mucus, a thick fluid rich
  in the glycoprotein, mucin.

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Connective Tissues

• Connective tissue is the most abundant tissue in
  the body.
• Extracellular material, matrix, makes up the bulk
  of the tissue.
• Matrix is composed of fibers and ground
  substance.
• Connective tissue cells usually can divide.

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Connective Tissue Cell Types

• Fibroblasts secrete protein into the matrix.

Figure 5.13
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Connective Tissue Cell Types

• Macrophages originate as white blood cells. They
  can move and phagocytize foreign particles.

Figure 5.14
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Connective Tissue Cell Types

• Mast cells release heparin, which prevents blood
  clotting, and histamine, which aids in the
  inflammatory response.

Figure 5.15
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Connective Tissue Fibers

• Collagenous fibers, white fibers, are made of
  thick threads of collagen. They are strong,
  flexible, and inelastic.

Figure 5.16
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Connective Tissue Fibers

• Elastic fibers, yellow fibers, are made of
  bundles of elastin.
• Reticular fibers are thin,collagenous fibers that
  form branched networks for support.

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Loose Connective Tissue

• Loose connective tissue or areolar tissue binds
  organs together and holds tissue fluids.

Figure 5.18
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Loose Connective Tissue

• It is cells (fibroblasts) in a fluid-gel matrix.
• It forms thin membranes found beneath the skin,
  between muscles, and beneath epithelial tissue.

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Adipose Tissue

• Adipose tissue protects, insulates, and stores
  fat in droplets inside the cells.

Figure 5.19
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Adipose Tissue

• It consists of cells (adipocytes) in a fluid-gel
  matrix.
• It is found beneath the skin, around the kidneys,
  behind the eyes, and on the heart.

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Reticular Connective Tissue

• Reticular connective tissue supports organs.

Figure 5.20
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Reticular Connective Tissue

• It is composed of thin, collagenous fibers and
  cells in a fluid-gel matrix.
• It is found in the walls of the liver, spleen,
  and lymphatic organs.

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Dense Connective Tissue

• Dense connective tissue binds organs together.

Figure 5.21
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Dense Connective Tissue

• It is composed thick collagenous fibers, thin
  elastic fibers and fibroblasts in a fluid-gel
  matrix.
• It is found in tendons, ligaments, and the dermis
  of the skin.

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Elastic Connective Tissue

• Elastic connective tissue supports, protects, and
  provides a flexible framework.

Figure 5.22
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Elastic Connective Tissue

• It consists of elastic fibers and fibroblasts in
  a solid-gel matrix.
• It connects vertebrae and is found in the walls
  of arteries and airways.

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Cartilage

• Cartilage is a rigid connective tissue.
• The matrix consists of collagenous fibers in a
  gel-like ground substance.
• Cartilage cells, chondrocytes, are found in small
  chambers, lacunae.
• Cartilage is covered with a thin layer of
  connective tissue, the perichondrium.
• Cartilage lacks blood vessels.

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Cartilage

• Cartilage cells, chondrocytes, are found in small
  chambers, lacunae.
• Cartilage is covered with a thin layer of
  connective tissue, the perichondrium.
• Cartilage lacks blood vessels.

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Hyaline Cartilage

• Hyaline cartilage supports, protects, and
  provides a framework.
• It is the most common type of cartilage.

Figure 5.23
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Hyaline Cartilage

• It is found in the ends of bones, nose, and
  rings in the respiratory passages.
• Hyaline cartilage provides the embryonic model
  for the skeleton.

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Elastic Cartilage

• Elastic cartilage supports, protects, and
  provides a flexible framework.

Figure 5.24
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Elastic Cartilage

• Its matrix contains many elastic fibers.
• It is found in the outer ear and part of the
  larynx.

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Fibrocartilage

• Fibrocartilage supports, protects, and absorbs
  shock during body movement.

Figure 5.25
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Fibrocartilage

• It is the toughest type of cartilage.
• It is found between the vertebrae (intervertebral
  discs), in the knee and parts of the pelvic
  girdle.

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Bone

• Bone supports, protects, provides a framework for
  muscle attachment.

Figure 5.26
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Bone

• It is composed of cells (osteocytes) in a hard
  calcified matrix. The osteocytes are located in
  layers, lamellae, organized into osteons.

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Bone

• It is found in the skeleton and middle ear.

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Blood

• Blood transports gases, nutrients, and wastes,
  defends against disease, and acts in clotting.

Figure 5.27
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Blood

• It is composed of cells and platelets in a fluid
  matrix, the blood plasma.
• It is found within the blood vessels.

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Muscle Tissue

• Muscle tissue is contractile.
• Muscle fibers can shorten and thicken.
• There are three types of muscle tissue skeletal,
  smooth, and cardiac.

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Skeletal Muscle

• Skeletal muscles attach to bones and are
  controlled by conscious effort.

Figure 5.28
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Skeletal Muscle

• It is also called voluntary muscle.

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Skeletal Muscle

• The muscle cells have many nuclei and exhibit
  light and dark banding patterns called
  striations.
• Skeletal muscles contract in response to nerve
  signals.

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Smooth Muscle

• Smooth muscle appears smooth because it lacks
  striations.
• Smooth muscle action is not under conscious
  control and it is called involuntary.

Figure 5.29
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Smooth Muscle

• The cells are spindle-shaped with a central
  nucleus.
• Smooth muscle is found in the stomach,
  intestines, uterus, and blood vessels.

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Cardiac Muscle

• Cardiac muscle tissue is found only in the heart.

Figure 5.30
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Cardiac Muscle

• The striated cells are joined end to end with a
  specialized intercellular junction called an
  intercalated disk.
• Cardiac muscle is under involuntary control.

Figure 5.30
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Nervous Tissues

• Nervous tissues are found in the brain, spinal
  cord, and peripheral neurons.

Figure 5.31
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Nervous Tissues

• Nerve cells or neurons sense changes and transmit
  signals.

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Nervous Tissues

• Neuroglia are cells that support and bind nervous
  tissue. They supply nutrients, carry on
  phagocytosis, and play a role in cell to cell
  communication.

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