E-mail, Hompage, Blog,

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• E-mail, Hompage, Blog, .

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• filtering
• Data mining
• Information Retrieval
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• Semantic Webs
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• Semantic Web
• EPC-Global
• DOI
• (Semantic) Web Service, SOAP
• ebXML
• SGML, XML, XHTML

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• To use e-mail and homepages in daily life
• Businesses are also moving quickly to set up
  their own home pages and build intranets
• Started construction of the "cybercity
• On various forms of electronic business
  transaction

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• The Internet is significantly different from
  conventional media such as publishing,
  communications and broadcasting, as it is
  characterized by the fact that it considerably
  increases opportunities on a global scale for the
  transmission of personal information and access
  to information, and there is a possibility that
  the Internet will drastically change the way in
  which information is conveyed and public opinion
  is formed in every field of political, economic,
  social and cultural life
• Increased opportunities for mailing of personal
  information and access to information
• Globalization of networks

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• While it is easy for individuals to send out
  information, in contrast to media such as
  publishing, newspapers, broadcasting, etc., there
  are cases in which professional and vocational
  ethics have been disregarded on the part of the
  senders.
• In contrast to broadcasting, users of electronic
  mail find it easy psychologically to send
  irresponsible information or violate the law,
  because t hey are allowed to remain anonymous.
• Even if information containing illegal content is
  removed from the server, it can be easily and
  quickly copied to other servers. Such information
  is therefore very likely to continue to be
  distributed.
• Even when one country prohibits the distribution
  of illegal information, the information can still
  be distributed throughout the world if its
  distribution is not illegal in other countries.
  Restriction of the distribution of illegal
  information by one country poses the problem that
  a specific country's laws may prevent the
  distribution of information that is legal i n
  other countries.
• Even if a certain provider restricts the mailing
  of illegal information or access to illegal
  information, it is possible to use other
  providers to send or access such information.

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• A list of specific problems was given, and
  those surveyed were asked to pick out problems
  that they thought required regulation on the
  Internet. List ed below are the problems chosen
  in the User Survey, in percentage order.
  (Multiple choices were allowed.)
• Fraud on the network (63.5)
• Exaggerated and misleading advertisements for
  transactions (48.1)
• Distribution of slanderous information (44.5)
• Literary piracy, including unauthorized copying
  (42.4)
• Respondents to the General Survey listed the
  following problems
• Distribution of slanderous information (73.3)
• Fraud on the network (66.5)
• Obscene information (66.5)
• Exaggerated and misleading advertisements for
  transactions (60.3)

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Points regarding flow of information on the
Internet

• (1) Application of existing laws to the Internet
• Some people maintain that the virtual society
  created on the Internet is a special space that
  is separate from real society, and that the rules
  of real society do not apply to it. However, it
  is impossible to understand the virtual society
  without linking it to real society, and it is
  assumed that the rules of real society should
  naturally apply to the flow of information on the
  Internet. Specifically, what is illegal in real
  society should be illegal in the virtual society
  on the Internet.
• (2) Legal framework of the Internet
• Since the Internet is a form of communication
  using public networks and private lines, and
  since providers are also Type I (printing and
  publishing) or Type II (communications and
  broadcasting) carriers, they are regulated by the
  laws governing the communications system, such as
  the Telecommunications Business Law. On the
  other hand, information on the Internet includes
  not only information that is exchanged between
  specific parties by e-mail, but also information
  intended to be made public by its originator,
  such as information provided in home pages on the
  World Wide Web (WWW) for the general public, or
  information repeatedly transmitted and received
  among a large number of unspecified users, as in
  the case of net news. Thus, when the Internet's
  form of transmission is considered, some believe
  that a third category needs to be established,
  which may be called "communications of a public
  nature," alongside the existing legal system
  governing the current forms of communications and
  broadcasting.

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Points regarding flow of information on the
Internet

• (3) Protecting secrecy of communications on the
  Internet Users of the Internet are normally
  identified by the author of a World Wide Web home
  page, by the identifying address of the page
  (URL), or by an address for e-mail or a news
  group. However, it has been pointed out that
  these can be used anonymously.It generally
  thought that allowing users to transmit
  information anonymously is helpful in ensuring
  individuals' freedom of information. For
  instance, anonymous expression is useful in
  guaranteeing opportunities for social underdogs
  to avoid pressure and sanctions from the majority
  and express their views. However, there is a
  possibility that anonymous expression, if a
  bused, might encourage users to mail
  irresponsible information, endangering the right
  to access information freely and the development
  of free and accurate public opinion. It will be
  necessary in the future to study the way in which
  the anonymity of transmitters should be protected
  from the viewpoint of the forms of the Internet
  use. It is also necessary to discuss the rights
  and wrongs of imposing restrictions on the
  anonymity of transmitters, taking into account
  specific interests -including, for example,
  providing people who have been defamed by
  anonymous statements with a way of identifying
  the transmitters.
• Secrecy of content of communications
  Information on the Internet has been protected so
  far under the secrecy of communications
  guaranteed by the Telecommunications Business Law
  (Artic le 4). With regard to communications
  intended for a specific party, such a s e-mail,
  it is necessary to protect the secrecy of the
  content, as in the case of communications by
  telephone. With regard to "open communications, "
  such as home pages on the Internet, however,
  since people mail information on the assumption
  that the content of their information will be
  open to the general public, it is believed that
  such transmitters in most cases have no intention
  of preserving the secrecy of the content. It is
  therefore necessary to study how much secrecy is
  required for the content of communications,
  taking into account the various types of Internet
  use.
• Anonymity of transmitters Secrecy of
  communications, as specified by the
  Telecommunications Business Law, is interpreted
  to include not only the content of communications
  but also to a certain extent associated
  information, such as the names of transmitters.
  On the Internet as well, the names and addresses
  of information senders are regarded as part of
  the secrecy of communications. Even if the
  concept of "open communications" is introduced,
  and the content of communications is considered
  as open to the public, some people maintain that
  components of communications such as addresses
  and names of transmitters are also secret.

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Points regarding flow of information on the
Internet

• (4) Establishment of rules for flow of
  information on the Internet and the protection of
  freedom of information.
• In general, freedom of information is guaranteed
  for the flow of information on the Internet. The
  way in which the free flow of information is
  balance d against the protection of interests,
  such as the protection of reputation and privacy
  and the protection of young people, is important.
  In other words , freedom of information for the
  flow of information on the Internet cannot be
  approved without any restriction, and a necessary
  minimum of restrictions must be imposed on it, in
  the same way that other human rights are
  guaranteed. It is not easy to set general
  criteria for distinguishing cases in which
  freedom of information needs to be guaranteed
  from cases in which it should be restricted. When
  establishing specific regulations, it is
  therefore important to build a social consensus
  regarding the legal benefits and protection that
  should be used to cope with individual problems
  and how to solve them. In addition, in the case
  of the Internet, since information is distributed
  across national borders, it is essential to build
  not only a domestic consensus but also an
  international consensus--making the problem more
  complex. Legal controls on the flow of
  information on the Internet have posed
  constitutional problems abroad. In the United
  States, provisions to regulate the flow of
  specific information on the Internet were added
  in February 1996 to Article 223 of the
  Communications Act of 1934, which was amended by
  Article 50 2 of the Telecommunications Act of
  1996 (hereinafter referred to as Article 223 of
  the Amended Communications Act). In protest
  against this, civil organizations, led by the
  American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and major
  carrier s providing communications services for
  PC users filed a suit, maintaining t hat the
  provisions of Article 223 of the Amended
  Communications Act that impose restrictions on
  "indecent" and "patently offensive" information
  violate the First Amendment to the American
  Constitution.

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Points regarding flow of information on the
Internet

• (5) Points in establishing specific rules
  regarding flow of information on the Internet
• When discussing the establishment of
  specific regulations for the flow of information
  on the Internet, it is not easy to set concrete
  criteria for cases in which restrictions are
  allowed, because of the relation to freedom of
  expression, as explained above. Because the
  Internet is a global network, it is necessary to
  develop international criteria. However, when we
  consider t he fact that even the definition of
  obscenity differs from country to country,
  depending on culture and history, it is clearly
  difficult to develop such criteria.It is
  therefore necessary to specify the information to
  which a regulation applies when studying the
  establishment of a specific regulation. When
  discussing this matter, it seems necessary to
  distinguish between "illegal information whose
  originator is punishable by the criminal code, or
  which constitutes an illegal act in the light of
  the civil code" and "content that is harmful, but
  not to the extent of being illegal." What
  constitutes illegal content depends on the
  legislation in each country. Therefore, the most
  important task is to ensure international
  collaboration and cooperation, including the
  establishment of minimum standards common to all
  countries through comparative studies of
  legislation, in order to determine whether
  harmful content is illegal at home and abroad, or
  illegal at home but legitimate in some foreign
  countries, or legal at home but illegal in some
  foreign countries, and through comparative
  studies of actual trial cases

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Points regarding flow of information on the
Internet

• (6) Responsibility for flow of information on the
  Internet
• Responsibility of transmitters of information
• The characteristic of the Internet that
  significantly distinguishes it from traditional
  media such as newspapers and broadcasting is that
  it allows individual users to mail information
  freely and easily to the general public. It is
  necessary for mailers to fully recognize t he
  fact that in principle they are legally
  responsible for the information they have mailed.
  In addition, a stronger moral sense on the part
  of user s is indispensable when they use the
  Internet than when they use tradition al media,
  and it is considered important for each user to
  be aware of the significance of observing the
  basic rules on which social consensus has be en
  built.
• Responsibility of providers
• Many providers stipulate in the provisions of
  their agreement with users that conduct contrary
  to public order and good custom, or acts abusing
  or slandering others, are forbidden, and they
  remove information of such nature, or exclude the
  user in case of such conduct or acts. Carriers
  are not allowed to become involved in the content
  of communications in the case of communications
  between specific parties, in order to protect the
  secrecy of communications. On the other hand,
  steps taken by providers in accordance with their
  own user agreements can be regarded as one of the
  effective measures for dealing with the flow of
  illegal information in relation to
  "communications of a public nature." Views
  regarding the responsibility of providers include
  "they are likely to be accused of aiding and
  abetting t he crime of a mailer if they are aware
  of the existence of illegal information and have
  done nothing about it for a certain period of
  time" (criminal liability) and "they will be held
  liable for damages to the victims if i t is
  judged that they have done nothing about it for a
  certain period of time on purpose or due to
  negligence" (civil liability).
• Steps that can be taken by recipients of
  information
• It is important to respect transmitters' freedom
  of information and also to provide an opportunity
  for recipients to select suitable information.
  Equally, the freedom to exclude undesirable
  information must also be respected. In the
  future, when not only households but also
  elementary and junior high schools all over the
  country will be connected to the Internet, it is
  assumed that recipients will selectively use
  filtering software to exclude certain types of
  information, in order to prevent the Internet
  access to obscene information.

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Countermeasures against illegal and harmful
information

• To establish rules concerning the content of
  communications
• To establish rules for the methods of
  communication (restricting access with software
  that blocks specific information, for example)
• To establish rules for entities in
  communications (covering the responsibilities of
  transmitters and providers).
• Technical measures
• Institutional measures.

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Rules for entities in communications

• Technical measures Use of filtering software by
  recipients to block information with certain
  content selectively is considered to be an
  effective way of ensuring transmitters' freedom
  of information and protection of secrecy of
  communications, while at the same time giving
  serious attention to the opportunities of
  recipients for proper selection, and with due
  consideration to the differences in the
  legislation in different countries. There are two
  problems in this context the first is what
  software should be selected, and the second is
  how to classify and rate sites using the
  software. The PICS (the Platform for Internet
  Content Selection) is used as an industry-wide
  standard for software, but it is necessary to
  study what technical standard should be adopted.
  With regard to the classification and rating of
  sites, RSACi based on PICS is available. How to
  establish a specific rating standard is a problem
  that needs careful study, since it relates to the
  issue of freedom of information.
• Institutional measures
• Voluntary measures
• Home pages on the Internet are different
  from broadcasting, since only those who have the
  intention of accessing them can obtain the
  information, but their concept resembles that of
  broadcasting in terms of the availability of
  information to the general public, and in the
  sense that anyone can access the information. It
  is therefore considered that a specific
  regulation can be developed on the basis of a
  study of examples of voluntary measures, such as
  the "Guideline on the Programme Contents of
  International Satellite Television Broadcasting
  in the Asia-Pacific Region" formulated on March
  10, 1995, and the ethical code of the Japan
  Telephone Service Association for telephone
  information services. In developing a specific
  regulation, it is considered desirable that
  non-governmental organizations should develop
  voluntary regulations, taking the need to
  guarantee freedom of expression into
  consideration.
• Legal measures two American district courts
  have ruled that part of the provisions of Article
  223 of the Amended Communications Act was
  unconstitutional, and examination of this case
  will start at the Supreme Court at the beginning
  of 1997.

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Measures to be implemented urgently

• Strengthening international cooperation
• Promoting self regulations by Internet providers
  in each country
• Strengthening cooperation to achieve technical
  measures
• Establishment of a complaint processing system
• Enhancement of education for the information
  society (45.9 -a majority of the respondents-
  preferred)