Public Health Pest Control

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Public Health Pest Control
PESTICIDE SAFETY AND APPLICATION PLNT 1150
Alex Latchininsky Assistant Professor / Extension
Entomologist Dept. of Renewable
Resources January 2006
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DISCLAIMER Trade or brand names used in this
presentation are used only for educational
purposes The information given herein is
supplied with the understanding that no
discrimination is intended, and no endorsement
information of products is implied
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LICE Order Phthiraptera, 3 types
1/8
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TREATMENT OF HEAD LICE

• Permethrin or Pyrethrin shampoos
• Malathion shampoos
• Re-treat in 10 days (cannot kill eggs)
• Louse or nit combs
• Pets? No!
• Personal hygiene
• Do not share caps or combs
• Head lice are NOT disease vectors

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BODY LICE

• Less common in the U.S.
• Larger than Head Lice 1/7
• Hide in clothing seams
• Vectors of epidemic typhus (rickettsiae)
• Vectors of trench fever (World War I 1.8
  million cases in U.S. military)

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PUBIC or CRAB LICE
1/16
Do not transmit disease agents Found only on
humans not on cats or dogs
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FLEAS Order Siphonaptera
Size 1/16 No wings
Cat flea
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LIFE CYCLE OF A FLEA
Total 12-174 d (typical 3 to 5 wks)
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FLEAS MEDICAL IMPORTANCE

• Piercing mouthparts feed exclusively on blood
• Irritation from flea bites
• Primary vector of bubonic plague (Oriental rat
  flea)
• Bacterium Yersinia pestis
• Mortality rate 90 - Black Death
• Middle Ages killed 1/3 of Europes population
  in a few decades
• Vector of Murine typhus (Rickettsia typhi)
• Intermediate hosts of dog tapeworms may infect
  humans if the flea is inadvertently swallowed

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MANAGEMENT OF FLEAS

1. Treat the pet
2. Treat the premises

Pet treatments Insect Growth Regulators
(methoprene, lufenuron, pyriproxyfen), or
Adulticides (fipronil, imidacloprid) Premises
treatments Steam clean IGRs Sanitation
(vacuum to remove eggs)
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Bed Bugs

• Order Hemiptera True Bugs
• Piercing-sucking beak
• One species Cimex lectularius

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Cairo Hotel Marriott October 2005
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Bed Bugs

• Female produces up to 500 eggs
• Can survive 1 year without blood meal
• Hides during the day, active by night
• Produces foul smelling substance when disturbed
• Sanitation!

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BLOOD SUCKING FLIES Order Diptera two wings
wings
halteres
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BLACK FLIES Family Simuliidae
Larva Pupa
Larvae develop in flowing water
Adults can be black, gray or yellow Size 1/8
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BLACK FLIES LIFE CYCLE
Adult Eggs on a submerged water
plant Larvae in feeding position
Emerging adult in air bubble Pupae
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BLACK FLIES

• Attracted to dark colors and carbon dioxide
• Vicious biters. Piercing, blade-like mouthparts
• Bites are painful because of venom (saliva)
• Do not attack indoors or at night
• Extremely numerous in early Summer
• May transmit diseases, even encephalitis
• Protection repellents (DEET)

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STABLE FLY
Larva (maggot)
Pupa
Stomoxys calcitrans adult
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STABLE FLY
Bayonet-like mouthparts Stable fly House fly

• Both male and female are blood-sucking
• Attracted to dark colors
• Breeding sites manure, straw
• Control similar to house flies
• SANITATION!

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HOUSE FLY
Sponging mouthparts
A carrier of up to 40 diseases,
including typhoid fever, cholera, dysentery,
and anthrax. The fly transmits diseases by
carrying disease organisms onto food. It picks up
disease organisms on its leg hairs or eats them
and then regurgitates them onto food (in the
process of liquefying solid food)
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WYOMING MOSQUITOES
At least 45 species Main genera Culex, Aedes,
Anopheles, Culiseta, Wyeomiya, Mansonia
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MOSQUITO LIFE CYCLE
eggs
adults
larva
pupa
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Aquatic stages
Mosquito pupae
Mosquito larvae
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Mosquito wing
Scales
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Male mosquito does not bite
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MOSQUITOES AS DISEASE VECTORS
1 vectors of numerous devastating diseases
worldwide -Encephalitis (5 types) Western
Equine Encephalitis Culex tarsalis -West Nile
Virus Culex pipiens (East), C. tarsalis
(West) -Dengue Aedes aegypti -Yellow fever
Aedes aegypti -Malaria Anopheles
spp. -Filariasis (nematodes) Culex, Aedes,
Anopheles spp. -Dog heartworm Culex, Aedes spp.
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MOSQUITO LIFE HISTORIES

• Four larval habitat types are used to group the
  mosquitoes
• Permanent Pool
• Container
• Floodwater
• Transient water

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Permanent Pool Habitat
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Permanent Pool Habitat Group Need shallow water
with emergent plants Eggs laid singly on water
surface for Anopheles species Overwinter as
adult mated females Not very important species
as disease vectors or nuisance in
Wyoming Anopheles species are only mosquitoes
that can vector malaria
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Container Group Habitat
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Container Habitat Group Need artificial or
natural containers that hold water long enough
to complete larval development Eggs laid singly
at water line surface for Aedes species. Culex
species sometimes use this habitat
also Overwinter as eggs, multiple broods per
season Important species as disease
vectors worldwide, less so in Wyoming Often the
target of urban mosquito control
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Floodwater Habitat
Eggs are deposited singly on damp soil which is
intermittently flooded
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Floodwater Group Aedes species dominate this
habitat Eggs are laid singly where the mosquito
female senses the area has been submerged in
water before Several hatches per year - Ae.
dorsalis, Ae. melanimon Ae. vexans, most
common species in WY Overwinter in egg
stage When conditions are correct can rapidly
develop - 6 days Capable of flying long
distances
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Transient Water Habitat
Roadside ditches, irrigated lands etc.
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Transient Water Group Culex species dominate
this habitat, esp. mucky water. Culex tarsalis
life history Eggs are laid as rafts on water
surface At 80 F, go from egg to adult in 10
days Overwinter as adult, fed and mated
female Populations build through summer Month
life span as adult, up to 4 blood meals
possible Capable of flying 0.5 mile per
night Feed at night, will enter
buildings Prefers birds but will switch to
horses and humans
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Culex tarsalis
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WEST NILE VIRUS CASES
2003
2004
2005
Year WY CA 2003 375 3 2004 10 760 2005
12 865
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Culex tarsalis
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MOSQUITO SURVEYS

• Adult surveys
• CDC light traps
• Dry ice traps (C. tarsalis)
• Landing and biting collections
• Insect sweep net collections
• Truck trap collections
• Larval and pupal surveys
• -Dipping

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MOSQUITO CONTROL

• Source reduction
• Water management
• Sanitation
• Irrigation optimization
• Drainage
• Biological control
• -Gambusia fish
• -Pathogens (Bti, Bs)

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MOSQUITO CONTROL

• Chemical control
• Larviciding (larval control)
• The most efficient control strategy
• Minimizes treated areas
• Avoids treating populated areas
• Adulticiding (control of adults)
• Usually, consists of Ultra-Low Volume spraying
  in urban areas

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PRODUCTS FOR MOSQUITO CONTROL
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I. LARVICIDES A.I. Trade name Formulation Pros
Cons Temephos Abate G, EC Lowest
cost Nontarget Methoprene Altosid G, B, P,
LC Nontarget safe Cannot be certain of
efficacy until too late
to retreat Oils BVA, Golden Oil Acts
on pupae Oil film Bear Subsurf. lar
vae Monomole- Agnique Liquid Acts on
pupae Subsurf. cular film Larvae
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I. LARVICIDES (contd.) A.I. Trade
name Formulation Pros Cons Bacillus
Aquabac Liquid Nontarget safe Short thuringiensi
s Bactimos WDG, AS, Briquets window
israeliensis LarvX, Teknar P, G, B control
30d of trtmt., (Bti) Dunks pupae Bacillus
VectoLex G, WDG Nontarget safe Pupae sphaericus
(Bs) AS Aqueous Suspension B Briquets EC
Emulsifiable Concentrate G granules LC
Liquid Concentrate P Pellets WDG
Water-Dispersible Granules
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II. ADULTICIDES A.I. Trade name Formulation Pros
Cons Malathion Fyfanon, ULV, Tolerances OP,
some Atrapa, thermal fog resistance Prentox
Naled Dibrom, ULV, EC, Tolerances OP, Trumpe
t thermal fog corrosive Fenthion Batex ULV No
ne OP, FL Permethrin Permanone, ULV, Low
vertebrate None AquaResilin, thermal
fog, toxicity Biomist, clothing Mosquito tre
atment beater ULV Ultra Low Volume OP
Organophosphate insecticide
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II. ADULTICIDES (contd.) A.I. Trade
name Formulation Pros Cons Resmethrin
Scourge ULV, Low vertebrate RUP thermal
fog toxicity Sumithrin Anvil ULV, Low
vertebrate No thermal fog toxicity tolerance
Pyrethrins Pyrenone ULV, EC Natural May
be Pyronyl pyrethrum, costly tolerances
, larvicide also ULV Ultra Low
Volume RUP Restricted Use Pesticide
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MOSQUITO CONTROL WORKSHOP
Organized by WMMA Lander, 18-19 April
2006 Contact Nancy Webber, Fremont Co. Weed
and Pest [phone]
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OTHER STINGING AND BITING INSECTS
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Imported Fire Ants
Solenopsis invicta (Red) Solenopsis richteri
(Black)
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Vicious Attackers
Blisters and pustules following Fire Ant sting
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Control
Chemical Single mound or area-wide broadcast
treatments (granular insecticides or baits)
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Africanized Honey Bees
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Wasps and Bees
Honey bee with a stinger
Yellow jacket wasp
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Bumble Bees
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OTHER ARTHROPODS
Class Arachnida SPIDERS Order Aranea TICKS
Order Acari
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BLACK WIDOW SPIDER FEMALE
Hourglass pattern on the abdomen
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BLACK WIDOW SPIDERS
Mature female
Immature female
Mature male
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HOBO SPIDER
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BROWN RECLUSE SPIDER EYES
2
2
2
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WIND SCORPION
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TICKS

• Close relatives of spiders,
• and NOT insects adults have 8 legs
• Blood-sucking parasites of mammals, birds and
  reptiles
• Both males and females feed on blood
• Efficient vectors of diseases (2 after
  mosquitoes)

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Soft tick
Rocky Mountain Wood tick (hard)
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ROCKY MOUNTAIN WOOD TICK

• Hosts Small rodents, porcupines, deer and large
  domestic animals
• Most common species that bites people
• Vector of Colorado tick fever, Rocky Mountain
  spotted fever, Tick paralysis (rare), Tularemia
  (rare)
• Not a vector of Lyme disease, which is
  transmitted by Ixodes scapularis

Dermacentor andersoni adult
American dog tick is also a vector of CTF
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RM WOOD TICK LIFE CYCLE 3 hosts
(Large mammal host)
Small mammal host
Small mammal host
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ROCKY MOUNTAIN WOOD TICK

• PREVENTION
• Avoid tick habitats
• Use tick repellents (DEET)
• Wear protective clothes
• Clothing treatment with Permethrin (Permanone)
• Tick checks after visiting possible habitats

• HOW TO REMOVE A TICK
• Use blunt tweezers
• Pull the tick slowly
• Treat the feeding place with disinfectant