Introduction to Human Movement

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Introduction to Human Movement
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Aim of the session

• To introduce the skeletal system
• To classify bones
• To introduce the anatomy of a joint
• To understand how soft tissue is connected to the
  skeletal system
• To know the classification of joints
• To know scientific terminology when understanding
  movement around a joint.

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Skeletal system

• The body consists of 206 boneshow many of these
  can you name?

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The function of the skeletal system

• Protection
• The bones protect vital organs such as the brain,
  heart and lungs.
• Movement
• The skeletal system support the muscles so the
  body can move.
• Support
• The skeletal system supports the soft tissue,
  without it we would be mush.

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The function of the skeletal system

• Shape
• Our gate and posture is determined by the shape
  of our skeleton.
• Making blood cells
• Long bones harvest bone marrow, blood cells are
  made from the blood marrow.

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Basic anatomy of a bone

• All bones begin as cartilage in the womb but
  gradually turn into bone through a process called
  OSSIFICATION.
• Bones have a tough outer layer called the
  PERIOSTEUM, why do you think this is?
• Inside the bone mainly consists of SPONGY BONE
  making the bone light but strong, why is this a
  good thing?

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Diagram showing the anatomy of a bone
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The classification of bones

• Long bones
• Femur, humorous, tibia, fibula
• Short bones
• Carpals, tarsals, wrist bones, ankle bones
• Flat bones
• Skull, patella
• Irregular bones
• Vertebrae, pelvis

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Variations of joints

• Joints are constructed when two bones meet
• There are three types of joints you need to know
  
• FIXED, IMMOVABLE JOINTS
• SLIGHTLY MOVEABLE JOINTS
• FREELY MOVEABLE JOINTS

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Fixed joints

• Certain joints in the body are not allowed to
  move due to vulnerability to injury. These joints
  are evident in anatomical positions that require
  a lot of protection.
• TRY AND THINK OF AN IMMOVABLE JOINT?

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Slightly moveable joints

• These joints are allowed to move, but only to a
  certain degree.
• Each of the bones rest on a cushion of cartilage.
• The sections of the bone are allowed to move but
  are restricted by ligaments.
• TRY ANE THINK WHERE YOU MIGHT SEE A SLIGHTLY
  MOVEABLE JOINT IN THE BODY?

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Freely movable joints

• These joints are totally moveable, they have very
  little restrictions and a high Range Of Motion
  around joints.
• Sometimes called synovial joints because they
  contain a synovial fluid inside a pocket called
  the synovial membrane.
• The synovial membrane lubricates the joint
  minimising friction.
• TRY AND THINK OF TWO FREELY MOVEABLE JOINTS?

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Classification of joints

• Ball and socket joint
• Located in the hip and shoulder
• The joint can move in all directions
• Hinge joint
• Located in the elbow and knee
• The joint can move backwards and forwards, but
  not side to side
• Condyloid joint
• Located in the wrist
• Can move forward, backward, side to side, but not
  rotation

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Classification of joints

• Pivot joint
• Located in the superior section of the spine.
• The joint only allows rotation.
• Gliding joint
• Located in the tarsels and carpels.
• Joint can move in all directions.

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Classification of joint movement

• Extension
• Flexion
• Abduction
• Adduction
• Rotation

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Flexion and Extension
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Abduction and Adduction
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Rotation
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Connective tissue

• Cartilage
• Found at the end of bones, stops bones rubbing
  together
• Ligaments
• Connects bone to bone supporting joints
• Tendons
• Attaches to the skeletal system allowing the limb
  to move through the sliding filament theory

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Warm-up questions

1. How many bones are there in the human body?
2. What are the functions of the skeletal system?
3. What is the anatomical name for the thigh bone?
4. In joints, what is the name of the cushioning pad
   to stop friction?
5. What movement does a hinge joint allow?
6. What are the classifications of bones?

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Extended reading

• GCSE Physical education complete revision and
  practice.
• www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/pe