Formation and Evolution of Supermassive binary black holes in AGNs

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1??????????????
1.1?????CDM????????????
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Mice ????????
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1.2????????????????????????????????????????,?????
????????????????
Galaxy galaxy
Normal galaxy
merging
evolution
?????????????(?)
gas starbursts galaxy
Evolution
Short-lived AGNs
Martini 2004
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1.3?Gravitational Wave Astrophysics
LISA?????????
?????????????, ?????????????????
NS NS NS BH WD NS
Gravitational radiation
LIGRO, etc
Big bang
Gravitational radiation
LISA
SMBH SMBH
Gravitational radiation
LISA
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1.4???????????????
???VLBI????????????? (Begelman et al , 1980,
Nature)
4C12.50

• ???????????????
• BL Lac

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BL Lac object OJ287 p11.86 yr (Sillapaa et al.
1988, ApJ, Liu Wu 200, AA)
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2? ???????????????pc????
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Galaxy interaction
Dynamic friction
Bound SMBBHs
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Pre-merger candidates 3C75A,B of double-pairs of
radio jets
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Two active nuclei in one galaxy
NGC6240 a1.4 kpc (Komossa, et al., 2003,
ApJL)
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  ?????????????????

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• The gravitational wave radiation becomes
  important only when Liu, Wu, Cao 03

The binary may stall at 100rg lt a lt 10,000rg
for a time-scale longer than the Hubble time-scale
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• Numerical computations dynamic friction (e.g. Yu
  2002, MNRAS)

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Hierarchical galaxy formation model is wrong or
binary can lose its angular momentum due to other
mechanism(s)
Possible
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3? ????????????????
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????????????????????
???????????????,?????????????????????
(Ivanov et al., 99, Liu, et al., 03, Liu 04)
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?????????????Mdgtm? ???????????,?????????????????
??????(Ivanov et al. 1998, ApJ)
????????
????????
????????
????????
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• ?????????????????,???????????????
• ???gtH/r,?????????????????
• ????????????????(Ivanov et al. 99, Liu 04)

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????????????????????(Papaloizou Pringle 1983,
MNRAS)
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• ???Kerr??????????????
• Lens-Thirring frame-dragging

• ?Kerr??????????,????Lens-Thirring?????????????,???
  ?????????????????
• Bardeen-Peterson ??(Bardeen Peterson 75)
• ?????????Bardeen-Peterson??

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• ???????????Bardeen-Peterson??
• ?BP???,?????????????
• ????????????,BP???

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• ????????,?Kerr????????????,???????????????????????
  ??????????????????

• ??,???????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???
• ???????????????????,???????????????????

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Observational evidence for the disk-binary
interaction
X-shaped radio sources(Liu 2004, MNRAS)
3C403
3C326
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????????

• ??X-???????????FRII???????(Dennett-Thorpe et al
  02)
• ??????????????????????,???????????????????????,FR
  II??????????????FRI??????????????????

• ???? 7??????X-??? Leahy Parma 92
• ?????????????????????,7????????????FRII?????????
  ????????AGN????

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  ???????

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• ????????????????,?????????????????????????

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Random distribution of jet orientations(Liu,
Zhang, Wu, 2005, in preparation)
HST 0.05
VLA 0.05
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With respect to major axis of host galaxy
Random (KS---0.124)
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With respect to dust lane in host galaxy
Unrelaxed system
Relaxed system
F angle between dust lane and major axis of host
galaxy
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3.2 Coplanar binary-disk system resonant
interaction

• The potential due to the secondary

Fourier expension
?epicyclic frequency
rs
r
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• Secondary perturbation initiates density waves
  at Lindlad resonance radius

m
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The whole inner region is destroyed by waves
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• Opens a gap in the accretion disk
• The outer boundary of the gap
• The inner boundary

rR/R0 rs0.8
Lin Papaloizou, 1986, ApJ
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3.3?Removal of matter in the inner accretion disk
(Liu, Wu, Cao, 2003, MNRAS)
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When the SMBBHs merge, the inner diskdisappears
and leaves a big hole with a truncation radius
(Liu, Wu, Cao, 2002, MNRAS)
Refilling time-scale
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Interruption of jet formation in Double-double
radio galaxies (DDRGs) (Liu, Wu, Cao, 2003,
MNRAS)
DDRG 3C219 with hot spots in the outer lobes
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1-10 FRIIs
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???????(Liu et al 03)

• ??Interruption of jet formation in DDRGs
• ????????????????????????
• ??Two pairs of well-aligned radio lobes
• ??????????????????,???????????????????,??????????
  ??
• ????????FRII???????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????,??????
  ????,??????
• ??Interruption time scale Myr
• ??????????????????????????500rG??????????????????
  ?tr/vr1Myr

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3.4?Periodic outbursts in AGNs (Liu Wu, 2002,
AA Zhao, Liu, Wu, 2005, AA, in preparation)

• Hydrodynamics
• Periodic outbursts due to (1) binary-disk
  interaction, (2) precession of jet orientation
  and (3) motion of plasma in helical jets in AGNs
• double-peaked outbursts if accretion is
  advection dominated (ADAF)
• Low-luminosity AGNs (e.g. BL Lac objects)
• One is thermal and the other is synchrotron
  emission from jets
• single-peaked outbursts if accretion disk is a
  standard thin disk (e.g. Blazars except BL Lacs)

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• Data combination of two databases (USA)
• University of Michigan Radio Astronomy
  Observatory (UMRAO)
• 35 years 8.0GHz
• National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO)
• 21 years 8.2GHz
• 45 BL Lac objects 91 Quasars
• Data analysis
• Fourier spectrum analysis, etc

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Fundamental frequency
?
(3/2)?
?/2
2?
3?
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Four types
In 29/45 BL Lac objects and 49/91 quasars
P1-10 yr
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4??????????4.1?????
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(No Transcript)
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Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA)
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• Gravitational wave astrophysics LISA
• Merger rates expectation 1 event/year
• Merger history hierarchical galaxy formation
  model
• Constraints on formation scenarios of high-z,
• low-mass galaxies
• BH mass measurements
• GW standard candles??????

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LISA???????
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4.2???

• ???????????,??X-????afterglow
• ??X-?????LISA??????????????

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4.3??????????

• Largest possible recoil velocity (Favata et al.,
  2004, ApJ )

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• Post-merged SMBHs is expected to
• Escape in disk galaxy (Merritt et al 04, ApJ)
• ??????????
• off-center active nuclei (Madau et al 04, ApJ)

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