Basic Narratology

1
????? Basic Narratology ??????????? ???
2
????

• ?????????
• ?????????
• ?????????
• ??
• ???????????
• ????????????????????????

3
?????(narrative)?

• The recounting (as product and process, object
  and act, structure and structuration) of one or
  more real or fictitious events communicated by
  one, two, or several (more or less overt)
  narrators to one, two, or several (more or less
  overt) narratees.
• Someone tells someone else that something happens
  on some occasion and for some purpose. (James
  Phelan)
• The reader reads someone telling someone else
  that something happens. (Marie- Laure Ryan)
• The minimal definition of Narrative (Zhao Yiheng
  in the 2nd collection of Chinese edition of
  Narrative)

4
???????

• ??? New Criticism
• ?????? Russian Formalism
• ???? structuralism
• ???????
• ????? Anglo-American Rhetorics

5

• ????????/????
• story/discourse dichotomy

Story the content plane of narrative as opposed
to its expression plane or discourse the what
of a narrative as opposed to its how the
narrated as opposed to the narrating the fiction
as opposed to the narration the existents and
events represented in a narrative Discourse
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???? narrative grammar

• A series of statements and formulas interrelated
  by an ordered set of rules and accounting for
  (structural aspects of) a particular set of
  narratives or the set of all and only possible
  narratives.
• Story grammar the attempt to specify the basic
  constituents of the narrated and to describe
  their interrelations, and they help to
  investigate the effects of structure and content
  variables on memory and the comprehension of
  texts. (see CANT, p.110-11)
• ???????????????????????

7
???????????(V. Propp)
The Morphology of Russian Folktales
?????????? ?????????(narrative
elements)????(function)? 1)????????? 2)?????????
3)?????????? ???,?????????,?31????????,???????(se
quence)???
8
???????????(Bremond)

• ???????31???,?????????????
• ???????????
• ?????????????
• ????????????
• ???????????,????????(1)??(2)????????,????(1)?
  ????????

9
????????????(Greimas)

• ???????(actant) ??(subject)???(object)???(sender
  )????(receiver)???(helper)????(opponent)?????????
  ?????,???????????? ???(contractual)????(performat
  ive)????(disjunctive)?

10
????????????(Todorov)

• ??????????(unit)???(sequencing)???(text)
• ???????????(proposition),????????????(equilibrium
  )??1??????2?????????????????????????(text)?

11
??????(time)

• Story time / narrative time
• ORDER DURATION FREQUENCY
• Analepsis an anachrony going back to the past
  with respect to the present moment an
  evocation of one or more events that occurred
  before the present moment. FLASHBACK
• Prolepsis an anachrony going forward to the
  future with respect to the present moment an
  evocation of one ore more events that will occur
  after the present moment. FLASHFORWARD

12
??????(voice)

• Narrator (who speaks?) The one who narrates, as
  inscribed in the text. There is at least one
  narrator per narrative, located at the same
  diegetic level as the narratee he or she is
  addressing.
• A narrator may be more or less overt,
  knowledgeable, ubiquitous, self-conscious, and
  reliable, and s/he may be situated at a greater
  or lesser (temporal, discursive, intellectual,
  moral) distance from the situations and events
  narrated, the characters, and/or the narratee.
• A narrator may be extradiegetic or intradiegetic
  heterodiegetic or homodiegetic (functioning as
  protagonist, an important character or a minor
  one).
• Note the narrator is not the author she is not
  even the implied author.

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????????(narrative levels)

• The level at which an existent, event, or act of
  recounting is situated with regard to a given
  diegesis.
• Metalepsis the intrusion of one diegesis of a
  being from another diegesis the mingling of two
  distinct diegetic levels. Should an extradiegetic
  narrator suddenly enter the world of the
  situations and events recounted, for instance, a
  metalepsis obtains. (??????)

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????????????

• Narrated discourse / indirect discourse / free
  indirect discourse / direct discourse
• Free indirect discourse A type of discourse
  representing a characters utterances or
  thoughts. It has the grammatical traits of
  normal indirect discourse, but it does not
  involve a tag clause (he said that) introducing
  and qualifying the represented utterances and
  thoughts. It should manifest some of the features
  of the characters ways of speaking. Eg.
• (1) He became indignant. A man like him was a
  suspect now!
• (2) She smiled. Mary, bless her soul, would be
  coming to relieve her tomorrow.
• ?Q???????????,???????,???????????????,????????????
  ????????,????????

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??????(mood)

• focalization (who sees?) ??the perspective in
  terms of which the narrated situations and events
  are presented the perceptual or conceptual
  position in terms of which they are rendered.
  ???????,?????????,???????????(vision point of
  view perspective)
• Zero focalization ???,??????(omniscient
  narration),????
• Internal focalization ???,???fixed (only one
  perspective is adopted), variable (different
  perspectives are adopted to present different
  situations), multiple (different perspectives are
  adopted to present the same situation)
• External focalization ???(situated in the
  diegesis but outside any of the characters,
  ????,Hemingways The Killer))
• ?? ????????????????

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????????(alteration)

• Once a perspective is adopted, the narrative is
  expected to follow what can be seen from that
  perspective. Any violation would be considered as
  alteration of perspective.
• Paralepsis an alteration that consists in giving
  more information thatn should presumably be given
  in terms of the focalization code governing a
  narrative. Should external focalization be
  adopted, for instance, and should the thoughts of
  a character suddenly be reported, a paralepsis is
  said to obtain. (e.g. David Copperfield) ??
• Paralipsis an alteration that consists in giving
  less information than should presumably be given
  in terms of the focalization code governing a
  narrative. (e.g. Great Expectations) ??

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???????????????????????????????????

• They were doing the dishes, his wife washing
  while he dried. Hed washed the night before.
  Unlike most men he knew, he really pitched in on
  the housework. A few months earlier hed
  overheard a friend of his wifes congratulate her
  on having such a considerate husband, and he
  though, I try. Helping out with the dishes was a
  way he had of showing how considerate he was.
• ---The first paragraph of Say Yes, Tobias Wolff

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???????????
Narrative voice Narrative focalization Zero/intern
al/external focalization Transgression,
paralipsis paralepsis Speech/thought
representation Narrated/indirect/free
indirect/direct speech

• Russian Formalism
• Structuralism
• Story/discourse
• Narrative grammar
• Deep structure
• Proposition and sequence
• Binary opposition
• Story time and narrative time
• Analepsis, prolepsis, in medias res
• Narrative levels embedded narrative
• Metalepsis
• Narrative reliability

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?????? Rhetorical Narrative Theory ???
20
???????

• ???????????.????????????????????????????????????
  ? (??)
• ???????????????????????(???,?????)
• ????????????????????????.??????,????????????,?????
  ??????????(??)
• ???,?????????? (???)

21
????????,?,???????

• ????,?????????????????????????????????????????(rh
  etorical effect)?
• James Phelan Narrative is someone telling
  someone else that something happens on some
  occasion for some purpose.
• Chicago School ?????

22
?????????

• ?????R. S. Crane, S. Sacks, D. Richter
• ????1)????????????????2)?????????3)???????
  ?(action) ?? (character) ??(thought),
  ???????????,?????????????,???????,?????????4)????
  ???,??????????????????
• Sacks, Fiction and the Shape of Belief (1964)
• Richter, Fables End Completeness and Closure in
  Rhetorical Fiction (19)

23
?????????

• ?????W. Booth??The Rhetoric of Fiction
  (?????,1961)
• ????1)???????????2)??????????????????????????
  ????????????3)????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????.????????
  ??

24
?????????

• ?????James Phelan (?????????????)
• ????1)???????????2)??????????????????3)????????
  ?
• ???????????1)??????????,???????????????2)???????
  ?????

25
???????????

???? ????implied author,the authors second
self, mask, or persona as reconstructed from the
text the implicit image of an author in the
text, taken to be standing behind the scenes and
to be responsible for its design and for the
values and cultural norms it adheres to.
????????????????(p.70) ???narrator ???narratee ?
???implied reader ????actual reader
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????reading position

• Peter J. Rabinowitz????????????????1)?????(narr
  ative audience) 2) ?????(authorial audience)
  3)?????(actual audience).
• ??1)??????????????????????????2)??????????
  ???????????????,???????????
• ?????????1)???????????,????????????2)???????
  ???,???????,???????????3)?????????,????????

27
????narrative progression

• ???????????????????????(?????????????????),??
  ??????????????????(??????????????????)
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??,??????????(instabilities) ????????????,?????
  ????,???????????????????????????,???????(tensions)
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????,???????????????1?(????,????,p.85)
• ????????????????,??????????????,??????????????
  ??Instability????????tension?????????
• 1 James Phelan, Narrative as Rhetoric
  Technique, Audiences, Ethics, Ideology (Columbus
  Ohio State University Press, 1996), p.90.

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??????unreliable narrator

• A narrator whose norms and behavior are not in
  accordance with the implied authors norms a
  narrator whose values (tastes, judgments, moral
  sense) diverge from those of the implied
  authors a narrator the reliability of whose
  account is undermined by various features of that
  account.
• ???????????????????????????????,??????????????
• ???????????(1)reporting / evaluating /
  interpreting (2) mis / under misreporting
  misevaluating misinterpreting underreporting
  underevaluating underinterpreting (James Phelan)
• ????????bonding / estranging

29
??????

• ??,??????
• ??
• ??!??????????????,?????,?????????????,???????
  ??,?????????????????,????????????????????,????????
  ??????????????,?????,????????????????????
• ???????????,??????,????????????,?????????????
  ???7?4?,?????15???????---???---???,??????????????,
  ????????????????,???????????,?????,???????,???????
  ?????????????
• ??,???????????????

30
??????

• ??????????????,?????????????????????????????,?????
  ???
• ?,???????????????
• ???????????,????????????????????????
• ???????,????,???????,??????,??????????????,?,?????
  ??
• ????,???????????????????,???????,?????????????????
  ????,???????????????,????????,???,??,?????,???????
  ??,?????,??65??70??,??????

31
??????

• ????????,????????????????,??????????????????????,
  ??????????,???????????????????????,??,??,?????????
  ??
• ?????????????,??????????????????,?????????????????
  ?,??????????,??????,??????80?,??????????????,???,?
  ??????????,??,????
• ????,??????,??????????
• ??????,???????????????????,?28?,???80?????????????
  ?????

32
??????

• ????,??,????????????,???????????,??????????,??????
  ?????????,?????,?????????????????????
• ?????,???????,?????,??,?????????????,???,????,??,?
  ????????????,?????????,???????????????,??????????,
  ?????????????,????????,???????????

33
??????

• ????????,?????,?????????????????,???????????,?????
  ,???????????,??????????
• ????????????,???????,????????????????????????????,
  ???????????
• ???????,????????????????????10?,????,???????,?????
  ????,??????????,???????????????????????????????
• ??????
• ??,???????????
• ??,???????
• ????
• ????
• ??????,???????

34
??????

• ???????????,??????????????????????????????????,???
  ?????????????????????????,?????????????
• ??,?????????????
• ????,?????????????????????
• ??????
• ???????,??????????????????????????????????????????
  ,??????,???????????,????,??????,????,?????????????
  ,????,?????????????????
• ??????,??,????????????????????,???????????

35
??????

• ???,???????????,??,???????,??????????????????????
  ?????????????????,???????????
• ??????,??????????,?????????????????,????????,????,
  ?????????,??????????????????????????,????,????,??,
  ?????????????????????,???????,??????,?,???,???,???
  ????,????????????,?????????????????????

36
??????

• ?????,??????,???????,??????????????,???????,??????
  ????,????????????????????????????,????????
• ????,?????,????????????,??,???????????????
• ?????????,???????????????,???????,?????????????,??
  ?????

37
??????

• ???????,??????????????????,?????????????????(?????
  ????????????!)???????,?????,???????,??????,??????,
  ???????,????????,????,????????????????????????,???
  ????,???????????????,??????????,??????,??????,????
  ?????????????????,???????,????????,?????,????????,
  ????????,?????,??,???,????????,?????????????,????,
  ??,???????,??????,??????,????,?????????????????,??
  ??????????????????,???????????,??????????,???????
• ?????,??????,??,???????,??????????????,??,?????,??
  ???????

38
??????

• ?????,????????,??????,???????,??????,???????,?????
  ,????,???????????????,????,???????????????,???????
  ????,????????,????????????
• ??,??????
• ??????????,??,????????,????????????
• ????????,??????,??????????,???,???????????????????
  ?????????,????,?????????,??????????????,????,?????
  ????????,????????

39
??????

• ??????????,?????,?????????,??????????????????,????
  ?????????????,????????????????,????,?????,???????
• ???????,??????????,?????????,???????????,???????,?
  ??????????,??????,??????,???????,????????????

40
??????

• ????????????????????????,?????????
• ??????????????????????????!
• ?????,????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????
• ????!

41
??????? Feminist Narratology ??????????? ???
42
???????????

• ???????????,?????????????????????????????????????
  ,?????????????????????????,??????????????????????
  ??????????-???????????????????
• ?????????????,????????????????????????????,?????
  ???????????????????????????????????,?????????????,
  ??????????????????????,?????????????????,????????,
  ???????????,????????????????
• ??????????????,??????,???????????????????????,??
  ????????????????,??????????????????,??????????????
  (?? ???? ????)

43
???????????

• ?????????,??????(1970??)
• ???????????,???????(1980-1995)
• ???????(gender study)?????????,?????? (1995-)
• ??????????????---???????

44
??????????

• 1986???.??(Susan Lanser), Towards A Feminist
  Narratology, style 20(1986)341-363.
• ?????????????(1)????????????????(2)??????????
  ?
• ??????????????(gyno-criticism)
  ????????????????
• ?????????????????????,???????????????????,?????
  ??????????1
• 1 Elaine Showalter, ed., The New feminist
  criticism essays on women, literature, and
  theory (New York Pantheon, 1985), p.131.
• ????,??????????????????,?????????????????????????
  ???????????,????????,????????????????????????
  1 1 Lanser Susan, The Narrative Act Point
  of View in Prose Fiction (Princeton, New Jersey
  Princeton University Press, 1981), p.166.

45
???????????????

• ??????????????????,???????????????????????????????
  ????,?????????,?????????????????,?????????????????
  ??????????,???????????????????????,?????????????
  ?????,??,?????????????,???????????????????????????
  ????????,?????????,?????????????,???????????????,?
  ??????,??????????????????????????,???????????????,
  ??????????,????,?????????1?
• ?????????????????????(p.37)
• 1 Robyn R. Warhol, and Diane Price Herndl
  eds., Feminisms An Anthology of Literary Theory
  and Criticism (New Brunswick, New Jersey Rutgers
  University Press, 1991), p.614.

46
??????????????????

• ???????????????,???????????????????(close
  reading)?????(1)???????????,??????????,??????????
  ?????????(??)??(2)????(reading in
  detail),???????????????????,???????????????1?
• 1 Robyn Warhol, Having a Good Cry Effeminate
  Feelings and Pop-Culture Forms (Columbus Ohio
  State University Press, 2003), p.25.

47
????????????

• Warhol Gendered Interventions Narrative
  Discourse in the Victorian Novel. (p.48)
• ????????????????????? (?????????)???????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????????
• Alison Case Plotting Women Gender and Narration
  in the Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century British
  Novel. (p.53)
• ?18?19??????????????,??????????????,????????????
  ?,????????????????????,????????????????
• ???????(1)?????????????????????(2)???????????????
  ???(3)??????????????????

48
????????????????????????

• ??????/????????(p.54-55)
• ????????????????????????????,?????????????????
• ????
• 1)Robinson, Engendering the Subject Gender and
  Self-Representation in Contemporary Womens
  Fiction, 1991. ???????????????????????,???????????
  ?Counter-story
• 2) Warhol, Having a Good Cry Effeminate Feelings
  and Pop-Culture Forms, 2003. ????????7?????,??????
  ???????????????,???????????????/??????????

49
???????????????????

• ??????/????????/????,????what??????????how??????
  ?
• ???????????????
• ?????????????,???????????????????????????????????
  ?????,????????????(????)?

50
??????????

• ?????????????????????????,??????????,???????????
  ,????????,????????(???)????(????)???????,????????
  (negative plotting) ????,????????????????????????
  ???????????????(???)???(Lanser, The Future of
  Intersectional Feminist Narratology,2009)

51

• ?????,20??80?????????????????,?????????,???????,??
  ???????,????????????,?????????????????????????,???
  ????????????,?????????????????,???????????????????
  ???,????????????????????????????????
• ???????????????,????????????,???????????????????
  ????????????????????,?????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????,???????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????,???????
  ???????????????????????,????????????????????????
  ,?????????????????????,?????????????????????????

52
????

• ??????
• ????????????????,??????????????,???? ?,??????????
• ????????????,??????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????,??????
  ???,??????????????????????????,???????,?????????,
  ??????????????????????
• ????????????,???????????????????????
  ??????????,??????????????????????,????????????????
  ???

53
????

• ????????,??????????????????????,????
  ?????,??????????????????
• ????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????????,?
  ?????????????
• ?????????,?????????????????????????? ??
• ?????,?????,?????,???????????????,??
  ????,?????????????,???????

54
????

• ????,??,???????????,???????????????,
  ???????????????????????????????????,??
  ???????????
• ?????????,????,?????????????????,????
  ??,????????????????,?????????,????????
  ????????????
• ???,????????????????????????????????
  ,????,?????????????????????????????? ?

55
????

• ???????,????????????????????????????
  ????????????,??,??!???,????????????
  ???????????????????????????,?????????? ?????????
• ????????,???????????????????????????
  ???????????????,???????
• ???,????????????????????,???????????
  ????????????????????????,?????????????
  ???????,??????????????????????????????

56
????

• ??????????,??????????,??????????????
  ????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????,??????????????,?????????? ??
• ??,??????????????????????????????!
  ?????????????????????????????!??????
  ,?????????????,???????!
• ???!?????!???????

57
????

• ???????????,??????,????????????,???
  !????,????????????????????????,????!
• ????????????????????????????????? ????
• ???????????????????,????????????????
  ????????????????,?????????????????,???
  ??????????????,???????????????,???????
  ?,?????????????????,??????????????????
  ?????????,?????????????????????

58
????

• ?????????????????????????,??????,??
  ??????????????????????????????,???????
  ???????????,?????????????????????????
  ????????????????
• ??,?????????
• ????,??????????????????

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