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Cancer: Uncontrolled Cell Division

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Title: Cancer: Uncontrolled Cell Division


1
Cancer Uncontrolled Cell Division
  • Biology 12

2
Some Stats from WHO
  • Cancer is a leading cause of death group
    worldwide and accounted for 7.4 million deaths
    (around 13 of all deaths) in 2004. The main
    types of cancer are
  • Lung (1.3 million deaths/year)
  • Stomach (803,000 deaths)
  • Colorectal (639,000 deaths)
  • Liver (610,000 deaths)
  • Breast (519,000 deaths)

3
What is cancer?
  • Cancer is a class of diseases characterized by
    out-of-control cell growth.
  • There are over 100 different types of cancer and
    each is classified by the type of cell that is
    initially affected.

4
What cause cancer at the cellular level?
  • Cancer is ultimately the result of cells that
    uncontrollably grow and do not die, normal cells
    in the body follow an orderly path of growth,
    division, and death.
  • Programmed cell death is called apoptosis, and
    when this process breaks down, cancer begins to
    form. Unlike regular cells, cancer cells do not
    experience programmatic death and instead
    continue to grow and divide. This leads to a mass
    of abnormal cells that grows out of control.

5
How is a cancer cell different from a normal cell?
  • Larger then normal nuclei (and/or multiple
    nuclei)
  • Small cytoplasm
  • Can grow in isolation from other cells
  • Do not stick to the cells around them
  • They may have abnormal numbers and types of
    chromosomes caused by mutations

6
(No Transcript)
7
What causes the mutations that lead to cancer?
  • Viruses (ex. HPV --gt cervical cancer)
  • Bacteria (ex. H. pylori --gt gastric cancer)
  • Chemicals (ex. Cigarette smoke --gt lung cancer)
  • UV and ionizing radiation (ex. skin cancer)

8
What can happen after a cancer cell forms
  • Invasion a cancerous cell manages to move
    throughout the body using the blood destroying
    healthy tissue in a process
  • Angiogenesis the cancer cell manages to divide
    and new blood vessels grow to supply it with
    blood
  • Metastasis when a tumour successfully spreads
    to other parts of the body, grows, invading and
    destroying other healthy tissues
  • Clip showing angiogenesis http//www.medicalnewst
    oday.com/info/cancer-oncology/
  • Invasion a cancerous cell manages to move
    throughout the body using the blood destroying
    healthy tissue in a process
  • Angiogenesis the cancer cell manages to divide
    and new blood vessels grow to supply it with
    blood
  • Metastasis when a tumour successfully spreads
    to other parts of the body, grows, invading and
    destroying other healthy tissues
  • Clip showing angiogenesis http//www.medicalnewst
    oday.com/info/cancer-oncology/

9
How is cancer classified?
  • There are five broad groups that are used to
    classify cancer.
  • Carcinomas cells that cover internal and
    external parts of the body (ex. lung, breast, and
    colon)
  • Sarcomas cells that are located in bone,
    cartilage, fat, connective tissue, muscle, etc.
  • Lymphomas cancers that begin in the lymph nodes
    and immune system.
  • Leukemias cancers that begin in the bone marrow
    and often accumulate in the bloodstream.
  • Adenomas cancers that arise in the thyroid, the
    pituitary gland, the adrenal gland, and other
    glandular tissues.

10
How is cancer treated?
  • Depends on the type of cancer, the stage of the
    cancer (how much it has spread), age, health
    status, etc.
  • Surgery
  • Radiation
  • Chemotherapy
  • Immunotherapy
  • Hormone therapy
  • Gene therapy

11
Cancer in Plants
  • Not exclusive to humans
  • Plant galls are abnormal outgrowths of plant
    tissues and can be caused by various parasites,
    from fungi and bacteria, to insects and mites.

12
Cancer in Dinosaurs too?
  • Many dinosaurs had cancer, researchers have
    discovered. Their tumours were like those of
    human patients, showing that cancer has been
    around for a very long time. "Diseases look the
    same independent of what critter is affected,"
    says radiologist Bruce Rothschild of the North
    Eastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine in
    Rootstown
  • http//www.guardian.co.uk/science/2003/oct/23/dino
    saurs.science

13
Animation
  • http//www.youtube.com/watch?vqxcFbqA7w80

14
To do
  • Read page 100-102
  • Complete practise questions 1, 2, 3
  • Complete Section 3.5 questions 1, 2
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