Stem Cell Research

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Stem Cell Research

• By "Doctors" Scott Cardona, Grant Granado, George
  Matarangas, Calix O'Hara, and Paul Siewierski

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What are stem cells?

• Stem cells are cells with the capability of
  developing into many different types of cells.
  They are produced in some organs to replace
  damaged tissue.
• http//stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/

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Stem Cells, cont.

• Stem cells differ from other cells in that they
  are unspecialized but can become many different
  types of cells with specialized functions.
• http//stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/basics1.asp

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Types of Stem Cells

• There are two main types of stem cells with one
  major difference between them
•     1. Embryonic stem cells, from
  developing embryos
•     2. Adult stem cells, from adult tissue
• http//www.medicalnewstoday.com/info/stem_cell/

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Types of Stem Cells, cont.

• Adult stem cells can be taken from umbilical
  cords, placenta, fat from liposuction, and other
  tissue from the body. They can even be harvested
  from cadavers that are "fresh" enough.
• http//www.aproundtable.org/tps30info/stemcellrese
  arch.html

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Types of Stem Cells, cont.

• Embryonic stem cells are taken from human embryos
  that are grown in vitro, but currently, they are
  more commonly used in research than actual
  treatment
• http//www.aproundtable.org/tps30info/stemcellrese
  arch.html

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Stem Cell Research and Treatment

• The majority of stem cell research and treatment
  is conducted using adult stem cells. In fact,
  adult stem cell treatment has already helped
  thousands of people.
• http//www.aproundtable.org/tps30info/stemcellrese
  arch.html

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Stem Cell Research, cont.

• Adult stem cell research is 20-30 years ahead of
  embryonic cell research because of the difficulty
  of embryonic cells developing outside of their
  usual environment.
• http//www.aproundtable.org/tps30info/stemcellrese
  arch.html

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World's first transplant of a whole organ grown
in lab

• November 2008
• Claudia Castillo
• damaged windpipe
• lower chance of rejection
• http//www.dailyglobal.com/2008/11/worlds-first-tr
  ansplant-of-a-whole-organ-grown-in-lab/

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Pros

• replace/repair damaged organs
• Reduced risk of Transplantation
• Serious medical conditions, like cancer and birth
  defects, are due to abnormal cell division and
  differentiation.
• http//www.dailyglobal.com/200
• 8/11/world
• s-first-transplant-of-a-whole-or
• gan-grown-in-lab/
• http//2.bp.blogspot.com/_4cp
• HRWD5Y6I/TJKUaPoJbGI/AAAAA
• AAAAA8/kOq-Y682kuE/s1600/bi
• o12.png

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Pros cont.

• Cardiovascular disease
• stem cells that are injected into the circulation
  or directly into the injured heart tissue...
•  
• http//stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/basics6.asp
• http//cdn.elev8.com/files/2010/05/heart.jpg

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Pros cont.

• ...appear to improve cardiac function and/or
  induce the formation of new capillaries.
•  
• http//stemcells.ni
• h.gov/info/basics/b
• asics6.asp
• http//s3.amazona
• ws.com/readers/2
• 10/10/28/stemcellt
• reatments_1.png
• http//terra.dadeschools.net/books/Biology/Biology
  ExploringLife04/0-13-115075-8/text/chapter30/30ima
  ges/30-02.gif

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Pros cont.

•  New studies indicate that it may be possible to
  direct the differentiation of stem cells to form
  insulin-producing cells ...
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• http//stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/basics6.asp
• http//static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/c
  ommercial/2011/10/27/1319727251778/Stem-cells-bein
  g-grown-in-008.jpg

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Pros cont.

• ...that eventually could be used in
  transplantation therapy for persons with
  diabetes.
• Scientists know that turning genes on and off is
  central to this process.
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• http//stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/basics6.asp
• http//www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/diabetes-s
  tatistics/
• http//www.businessweek.com/news/2011-11-14/diabet
  es-will-strike-one-in-ten-adults-by-2030-idf-repor
  t-says.html
• http//www.abc.net.au/health/library/img/leukaemia
  _transplant.gif
• http//kids.jdrf.org/images/General_Images/Search_
  for_a_Cure/General/stemcells.jpg

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Pros cont.

• 336 million people have diabetes
•  1 in 10 adults (552 million) will have diabetes
  by 2030
• Associated with 231,404 deaths
• Deaths will double by 2030
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• http//stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/basics6.asp
• http//www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/diabet
• es-statistics/
• http//www.businessweek.com/news/2011-11-14/d
• iabetes-will-strike-one-in-ten-adults-by-2030-idf-
  r
• eport-says.html

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Pros cont.

• Human stem cells could also be used to test new
  drugs
• Ethical dilemmas are largest challenges
  to increased funding/ large-scale use
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• http//www.hotlikesauce.com/wp-content/uploads/200
  9/11/
• stem-cecomic.jpg
• http//stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/basics6.asp
• http//www.experiment-resources.com/stem-cell-pros
  -and-cons.html
• http//www.experiment-resources.com/embryonic-stem
  -cells.html

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Cons

• Cons come from two areas
• 1. Embryos being destroyed
• Destroyed Embryos lt 100 cells
• Some equate this to murder
• Only applies to embryonic research
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• http//www.allaboutpopularissues.org/pros-and-cons
  -of-stem-cell-research.htm

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Embryonic Stem Cells Being Extraced

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• http//www.centreofthecell.org/assets/images/blast
  ocyst20day205.jpg

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Cons cont.

•  Embryos cont.
• Proponents argue cells already available from
  in-vitro
• No new cells destroyed 
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• http//www.allaboutpopularissues.org/pros-and-cons
  -of-stem-cell-research.htm

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Cons cont.

• 2. Medical Grounds
• Mice with Parkinson's treated with stem cells
  died at 20 rate
• -Suggests stem cells not viable treatment

http//www.allaboutpopularissues.org/pros-and-cons
-of-stem-cell-research.htm
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Cons cont.

• Medical cont.
• Cells must
• Create enough tissue
• Differentiate into correct cells
• Survive the translplant
•  Function properly
•  Avoid harming recipent
•  Hard to achieve this
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• http//stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/basics6.asp
•  

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Cons Cont.

• Cells being frozen for in vitro. Later stem cells
  can be obtained from these.
• http//media-3.web.britannica.com/eb-media//91/136
  091-050-DBFA64C0.jpg

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Groups who Support Stem Cell Research

• Americans for Cures Foundation- will improve
  life.
• American Association for the Advancement of
  Science- increases knowledge of human body.
• Canadian Stem Cell Network- new treatments.
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•  http//www.stemcellresources.org/who_orgs.html

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Groups who support cont.

• Coalition for the Advancement of Medical
  Research-  developing new medicines.
•  Planned Parenthood- providing services for the
  public.
• 72 of Americans support Stem Cell research.
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•  http//www.stemcellresources.org/who_orgs.html

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Why do groups support it?

• Believe it is morally right 
• Outweighs any destruction of embryos
• Alternatively, Embryos not considered "human"
• http//poq.oxfordjournals.org/content/68/1/131.ful
  l

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Groups that are Opposed to Stem Cell Research

• United States Conference of Catholic Bishops-
  considers murder
• Christian Coalition- violation of human rights
• Concerned Women for America- conservation of life
• Southern Basptist Convention- goes against
  beliefs/ all life is sacred
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•  http//www.cc.org/
•  http//urj.org/

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Groups who don't support cont.

• Union of American Hebrew Congregations (Reform)-
  requirement to use knowledge to heal others
  without hurting
• Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America-
  destruction of fetuses is considered abortion
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•  http//www.cc.org/
•  http//urj.org/

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Why do these groups oppose Stem Cell Research?

• Generally contend it is destruction of human life
• Consider Embryos "human"
• Often routed in religious doctrne
• Catholics, Jews, Protestants, Orthodox Christians
• http//www.quora.com/Why-do-people-oppose-stem-cel
  l-research

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Church's View

• The Catholic Church condemns stem cell research
  on embryonic cells.
•     The embryo is, from conception, a human
  being.
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•  http//www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_acad
  emies/acdlife/documents/rc_pa_acdlife_doc_20000824
  _cellule-staminali_en.html
•  

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Church's View contd.

•    Taking the life of another human is murder and
  wrong.
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• http//www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_acade
  mies/acdlife/documents/rc_pa_acdlife_doc_20000824_
  cellule-staminali_en.html

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Church's View contd.

• The end does not justify the means.
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•  http//www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_acad
  emies/acdlife/documents/rc_pa_acdlife_doc_20000824
  _cellule-staminali_en.html 

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Church's View contd.

•     Even if the end result is to save lives, the
  sacrificing of            innocent human beings
  to do so is wrong. 
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• http//www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_acade
  mies/acdlife/documents/rc_pa_acdlife_doc_20000824_
  cellule-staminali_en.html 

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Church's View contd  

•  The Church does not oppose adult stem cell
  research.
•     There is no loss of life in adult stem cell
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• http//catholicism.about.com/od/thechurchintheworl
  d/p/Stem_Cells.htm
• http//www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_acade
  mies/acdlife/documents/rc_pa_acdlife_doc_20000824_
  cellule-staminali_en.html