Title: Meiosis (Chapter 13)
1Meiosis (Chapter 13)
2Why meiosis?
- Produces haploid cells.
- Genetic diversity
- Evolution
3Mitosis
- Two identical daughter cells
- Interphase
- Cell growth, preparing for cell division
- Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
- Cytokinesis
4Fig. 12-4
0.5 µm
Chromosomes
DNA molecules
Chromo- some arm
Chromosome duplication (including DNA synthesis)
Centromere
Sister chromatids
Separation of sister chromatids
Centromere
Sister chromatids
5Fig. 13-3b
5 µm
Pair of homologous replicated chromosomes
Centromere
Sister chromatids
Metaphase chromosome
6Meiosis
- 2 successive rounds of cell division
- No replication of DNA between rounds
- Meiosis I
- Half the number of chromosomes
- Meiosis II
- 4 haploid cells
7Meiosis
- Each round of division has a
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
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9Fig. 13-7-3
Interphase
Homologous pair of chromosomes in diploid parent
cell
Chromosomes replicate
Homologous pair of replicated chromosomes
Sister chromatids
Diploid cell with replicated chromosomes
Meiosis I
Homologous chromosomes separate
1
Haploid cells with replicated chromosomes
Meiosis II
Sister chromatids separate
2
Haploid cells with unreplicated chromosomes
10Meiosis
- Synapsis
- Homologous chromosomes
- Closely associated
- Synaptonemal complex
- Homologous chromosomes are paired
- Protein complex between them
- Occurs in prophase I
11Meiosis
- Crossing-over
- Homologues exchange chromosomal information
- Genetic recombination
- Chromosomes from one parent carry info from both
- Chiasma cross (pluralChiasmata)
- Site where crossing-over happens
12Cross-over
- Between non-sister chromatids
- Stabilized by sister chromatids
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17Prophase I
- DNA coils tighter
- DNA already duplicated
- Sister chromatids joined at centromeres
18Prophase I
- Sister chromatid cohesion
- Sister chromatids closely associate
- Homologous chromosomes line up next to each other
- Crossing over happens
- Non-sister chromatids
19Prophase I
- Crossing over ends
- 4 chromatids (2 homologs) stay close due to
- 1.Sister chromatid cohesion
- 2.Chiasmata where crossover occurs
20Metaphase I
- Homologous pairs align beside each other
- Metaphase plate (center)
- Chiasmata holds homologous chromosomes together
- Maternal homologue orients towards one pole
- Paternal homologue orients towards other pole
21Metaphase I
22Fig. 13-8b
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Centrosome (with centriole pair)
Centromere (with kinetochore)
Sister chromatids
Chiasmata
Spindle
Metaphase plate
Homologous chromosomes
Fragments of nuclear envelope
Microtubule attached to kinetochore
23Anaphase I
- 90 meiosis is spent in Prophase Metaphase
- Spindle fibers begin to shorten
- Pull apart homologous chromosomes
- Go to separate poles
- Sister chromatids remain together
- Mitosis-sister chromatids separate
24Anaphase I
- Each pole has a complete haploid set of
chromosomes - Each pole has one member of the homologous pair
- Either a maternal or paternal homologue
25Anaphase I
26Telophase I
- Homologues cluster at the poles
- Nuclear membrane reforms
- Each daughter cell contains half the of
chromosomes - Sister chromatids
- Different due to crossover
27Telophase I
- Cytokinesis may occur
- Second division occurs after variable length
28Meiosis I
29Prophase II
- Nuclear membrane breaks down
- New spindles form
30Metaphase II
- Spindle fibers bind to both sides of the
centromere
31Anaphase II
- Spindle fibers contract
- Sister chromatid cohesion is released
- Splits the sister chromatids
- Move to opposite poles
32Telophase II
- Nuclear envelope reforms
- 4 haploid cells
33Meiosis II
34Meiosis
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37Sexual reproduction
- Gametes
- Egg sperm
- Half the number of chromosomes
- Zygote
- Egg and sperm combine
- Fertilization or syngamy
- Fusion of gametes to form a new cell
38Sexual reproduction
- Life cycles alternate
- Diploid haploid chromosome numbers
- Alternates between meiosis fertilization
- Offspring inherit chromosomes from both parents
- Variations occur producing 3 types of sexual life
cycles
391. Animals
- Majority of time as diploids
- Haploids do not under go mitosis
- Germ-line cells
- Cells that will under go meiosis
- Produce gametes
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412. Fungi and some algae
- Spend majority of time as haploid
- Zygote undergoes meiosis
- Then mitosis
423. Plants
- Alternate between multicellular haploid
- Multicellular diploid phase
43Evolution
- Asexual reproduction
- Inherit chromosomes from one parent
- Identical to parent
- Protists reproduce asexually
- Plants reproduce asexually
44Sexual reproduction
- Generates genetic diversity
- Evolutionary adaptation depends on a populations
genetic variation
45Genetic diversity
- 1. Independent assortment
- 2. Crossover
- 3. Random fertilization
46Independent assortment
- Genes on different chromosomes
- Orient independently
- Homologous pairs line up as a matter of chance
47Independent assortment
48Crossover
- Recombinant chromosomes
- Carry information from 2 different parents
49Random fertilization
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