Civil Right Movement

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Civil Right Movement

• Early vs. Modern Civil Rights Movement
• Searching for an Identity and Leadership
• Leaders, Activities, and Organizations

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Civil Right Movement

• Plessy v Ferguson
• 1896
• 14th amendment does not prevent private
  organization from discriminating
• Legalized Jim Crow Laws
• Segregated accommodations were legal provided
  they were equal
• separate but equal

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Civil Right Movement

• Booker T. Washington
• Not for social equality
• Remain apart
• Founder of Tuskegee Institution in 1891
• Focus industrial education/learn a skill
• Vocational jobs to improve economic situation
• Problem?

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Civil Right Movement

• W.E.B. Du Bois
• Ph.D. from Harvard
• Founder of the NAACP in 1910
• Grew out of the Niagara Movement
• Never except inferiority
• Use courts to fight discrimination
• Rejected Washingtons ideas
• The Talented Tenth

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Civil Right Movement

• Marcus Garvey
• Black nationalist
• United Negro Improvement Association in 1914
• Stressed racial separation from white
• Black only businesses etc.
• Encouraged a return to Africa

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Civil Right Movement

• In the 1950s
• 15 million African Americans living in the United
  States
• 2/3 living in the south
• Jim Crows laws ruled their lives
• Legal segregation in schools, parks,
  transportation, hospitals etc

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Civil Right Movement

• Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
• Bring about change through peaceful measures
• Founded by James Farmers in 1942

James Farmer 1920-1999
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Civil Right Movement

• Brown v Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas
• May 17, 1954
• Supreme Court unanimously decided segregation
  violates the 14th amendment

Brown Family
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Civil Right Movement

• Chief Justice Earl Warren
• 1. Education plays a vital role in training
  children for citizenship, employment and
  leisure-time activities
• 2. Separating black children from others solely
  on the basis of race generates a feeling of
  inferiority that may affect them in a way
  unlikely to be undone
• 3. therefore, separate educational facilities
  are inherently unequal
• Reversed Plessy v Ferguson
• Thurgood Marshall argues the case

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Civil Right Movement

• Emmett Till
• Killed in 1955
• Brings the problem to the attention of the nation

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Civil Right Movement

• Montgomery Bus Boycott 1955-1956
• Rosa Parks mother of the civil rights movement
  refused to leave seat for a white man
• Arrested for violating the citys segregation law
• Year long boycott of the bus company
• Calls by pastors of church to lead resistance
• City agreed to change the law to allow black to
  sit anywhere
• Event produced a leader, an organization,
  technique
• Martin Luther King Jr.
• SCLC
• Non- violent civil disobedience

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Civil Right Movement

• Integration at Little Rock 1957
• Orval Faubus, gov. of Arkansas, mobilized the
  National Guard to prevent nine African-Americans
  students from attending
• Direct challenge to federal authority
• Eisenhower sent in army (paratroopers) to restore
  order and protect the Little Rock Nine

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Civil Right Movement

• Woolworth lunch counter in Greensboro, North
  Carolina
• Greensboro four
• Feb. 1st Bought items at Woolworth than sat down
  to order coffee
• Not served
• Result
• July desegregated lunch counters
• Over 70,000 people participated in sit-in through
  out the South
• Press they received

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Civil Right Movement

• Student Nonviolent Coordination Committee (SNCC)
• Grew out of SCLC
• For students
• Leaders was Robert Moses
• was organized to advance the "sit-in" movement

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Civil Right Movement

• Freedom Rides
• Spring of 1961
• SNCC members joined with activists from the
  Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), a New
  York-based civil rights organization to encourage
  the Freedom Rides
• Placed white and black students on interstate
  busses to test the new court decision to
  desegregate waiting rooms and dining facilities
  at bus stops
• In deep South response was violent
• Attorney General Robert Kennedy assigned federal
  marshals to protect riders

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Civil Right Movement

• Integration of Ole Miss
• 29 yr old veteran James Meredith
• Arrival touched off riots
• Mostly KKK members NOT students
• Gov Ross Barnett refused to allow to register
• Announced state laws were superior to federal
  laws
• Pres. Kennedy federalized Miss. National Guard
• Took 400 Marshals and 3000 troops to enroll him
• Meredith remained and graduated in 1963
• Cost 200 lives and 4 million in taxpayers

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Civil Right Movement

• University of Alabama
• Vivian Malone
• Gov George Wallace stood in doorway
• National Guard was federalized
• Wallace walked away

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Civil Right Movement

• Birmingham, Alabama
• Rev. Shuttlesworth asked MLK to come to city
• Most segregated big city in America
• Test nonviolence
• It was a planned non-violent campaign
• Police Commissioner Bull Connor decided to
  crush the protest
• Police used fire hoses, police dogs and clubs
• TV carried scene to the nation

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Civil Right Movement

• MLK arrested
• Leaders felt MLK was pushing too hard/too fast
• Response Letters from Birmingham
• Kids march, 1000 arrested
• Result
• End to segregation in Birmingham
• HUGE victory
• Kennedy on TV asked Congress to pass a Civil
  Rights Bill
• Nation saw racism in the South at its worst

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Civil Right Movement

• March on Washington (Aug 1963)
• To support and pressure Kennedy
• 250,00 African Americans marched on nations
  capital
• I have a Dream

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Civil Right Movement

• Civil Rights Act
• Three months later Kennedy was assassinated
• Bill wasnt close to passing
• Southern Congressmen had a filibuster going
• Johnson addressed Congress
• couldnt more eloquently honor Pres. Kennedys
  memory
• Passed in June 1964

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Civil Right Movement

• Civil Rights Act of 1964
• Elections
• Prohibited election officials from applying
  different standards to blacks and whites voting
• Public Accommodations
• Forbade discrimination in public places
• Forbade discrimination in government owned or
  operated facilities
• Federally Assisted Programs
• Allowed the government to withhold aid from
  states involving discrimination
• Employment
• Prohibited discriminatory practices by employers,
  agencies, and labor union
• No discriminatory hiring on basis of race, sex ,
  religion or nationality

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Civil Right Movement

• 24th Amendment
• Passed in 1964
• Prohibited the use of poll taxes as a requirement
  for voting in a federal election

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Civil Right Movement

• Voting Act of 1965
• A result of Selma, Alabama incident
• State troops assaulted demonstrators as they
  marched to the state capital
• President Johnson We shall over come
• Outlawed literacy test
• Federal examiners in to register voters where
  irregularities existed
• Signed 100 years after the Civil War ended

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Civil Right Movement

• Results of Civil Rights
• Right to vote
• South would never be the same again
• Served in politics at all level
• Segregation became illegal
• Ended an Era
• Civil Rights campaigns in the South led by
  peaceful moderates
• Lets go North!

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• "Darkness cannot drive out darkness only light
  can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate only
  love can do that. Hate multiplies hate, violence
  multiplies violence and toughness multiplies
  toughness in a descending spiral of destruction.
  The chain reaction of evilmust be broken, or
  we shall be plunged into the dark abyss of
  annihilation."
• Martin Luther King Jr.