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French Religious Wars of the 16th Century: 1562-1598

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Title: French Religious Wars of the 16th Century: 1562-1598


1
French Religious Wars of the 16th Century
1562-1598
  • Kagan, Chapter 12

2
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3
Europe after the Reformation
  • N. Europe mainly Protestant
  • (Scandinavia / England / N. Germany / parts of
    France / Switzerland / Scotland)
  • Unity of Western Christianity shattered
  • Religious wars 100 years!!!
  • Protestant Individualism
  • encourages independence, science, capitalism,
    nationalism U2.5 13 Protestant Resistance
    Theory, pp.356

4
The 16th and 17th Centuries
  • Different type of warfare
  • Larger (often State financed) armies
  • Gunpowder cannon kills at distance
    indiscriminately
  • not as noble as one-on-one combat
  • Expensive so kings must find ways to finance
    war increased taxation usually of the lower
    class
  • Numerous problems
  • Religious, Political, Social (Monarchy vs.
    Feudalism)

5
Religious Wars FranceHabsburg-Valois Wars,
1521-1559
  • Francis I (1515-1547), House of Valois fighting
    Charles V, House of Habsburg, King of Spain
  • Concordat of Bologna (1516) nationalized French
    Church (Gallican Church) king has right to
    appoint bishops abbots
  • Humanist patron of Leonardo da Vinci how the
    Mona Lisa gets to Paris!
  • rebuilds the Louvre (1528) as luxury palace

6
le Louvre
7
Francis I (1515-1547) cont.
  • Persecution of Huguenots for political reasons
    begins (threat to authority)
  • See U2.5 4-5
  • Battle of Pavia, 1525 French Protestants
    persecuted in the hopes the Charles V will
    release Francis I sooner
  • Oct. 18, 1534 mass arrests of Protestants
  • Edicts of Fontainebleau (1540) Chateaubriand
    (1551)

8
Huguenots in South Carolina
9
Background Check
  • On your whiteboard. Indicate with a few words as
    possible and as quickly as you can what each of
    these groups in 16th century France wanted
  • Henry II (vs. Philip II, Spain)
  • Catherine de Medici
  • Aristocratic families Guise, Montmorency, Bourbon

10
Henry II Catherine de Medici
  • Henry II (1547-1559) marries Catherine de
    Medici (1519-1589)
  • Charles V abdicates (1556) and his kingdom
    splits Spain to Philip / HRE to Ferdinand
  • Philip also has Naples, Milan, Sicily America!
    POWER
  • 1559, Habsburg-Valois War end w/ Treaty of
    Cateau-Cambresis
  • Henry II accepts Habsburg rule in Italy and
    Flanders
  • Philip II promises to leave ruling Valois family
    in peace (Does he stick to his promise?)
  • Meanwhile back in France
  • Cont. persecution of Huguenots for religious
    reasons 40 of French nobles had converted to
    Calvinism
  • Henry II accidentally killed in a jousting
    tournament (1559)

Focus the fight against Calvinism !
11
Powerful French Noble Families
  • Monarchy weak so kings try to appease by
    promoting religious freedom (U2.5 7)
  • In eastern France the Catholic Guise family
    (controls Francis II) Francis, Charles and
    Louis Guise
  • Who are their allies?
  • In center of France - the pro-Protestant
    Montmorency-Chatillon family Gaspard de Coligny
    (advisor to Charles IX)
  • From central France to south west the Huguenot
    Bourbon family - Louis I, prince of Condé

12
(No Transcript)
13
Henry III (r. 1574-1598)
Francis II (r. 1559-1560) Mary, Queen of
Scots! (also related to Guise family)
Charles IX (r. 1560-1574)
U2.56 9
14
Civil War breaks out
  • 1560, at the age of ten Charles IX becomes king
    of France his mother is regent (U2.5 10)
  • Tensions btw. Guise, Montmorency and Bourbon
    families rages undermining the authority of the
    king
  • Guise family, devoutly Catholic, gains backing of
    Spain Jesuits
  • Huguenots take advantage of political chaos
    become bolder in practicing their religion
  • 1562 they seized the city of Lyon, forced
    Calvinism on the population and desecrated
    Catholic churches
  • Francis, duke of Guise retaliates by executing
    Huguenots found worshipping on his land
    (Toulouse) 3000 killed in fighting (1563 duke
    of Guise assassinated by Huguenot)

U2.5 11
15
Civil War Continues
  • 1572 Catherine Charles lend military support to
    Dutch against Spanish in attempts to weaken their
    rival
  • Guise family sees this Protestant attempt to
    control the throne
  • Admiral Gaspard de Coligny (member of House of
    Montmorency who had converted to Protestantism
    is blamed for murder of duke of Guise) gains
    influence over Charles IX
  • Catherines dilemma how to maintain power and
    quell Protestant/Catholic infighting
  • Marries daughter Margot to Huguenot Henry
    Bourbon, King of Navarre, but peace is not
    achieved because

16
St. Bartholomews Day Massacre (U2.5 12)
17
St. Bartholomews Day Massacre
  • Catherine with House of Guise attempts to
    assassinate Adm. Coligny -assassination fails, SO
    six days after her daughters wedding, August 24,
    1572...
  • St. Bartholomews Day Massacre Catholics attack
    Protestants
  • Massacre rages throughout France for 3-6 days
    3000 dead in Paris 20,000 dead outside of city
  • Henry of Navarre returns to Navarre to plan new
    strategy
  • Henry, Duke of Guise forms Catholic League
    swearing to drive out all heresy (and hopefully
    become king himself)

18
Civil War continues
  • Henry III (1574-1598) during his reign(U2.5
    14)
  • Huguenots rebuild their strength consider Henry
    of Navarre the rightful heir to the throne (U2.5
    17)
  • Henry, duke of Guise (w/aid of Philip II) plans
    to take the throne
  • Peace of Beaulieu, May 1576 (U2.5 15 16)
  • Henry Guise storms seizes Paris becoming
    Chief Minister
  • 1587 Mary, Queen of Scots executed, Guise family
    outraged that King Henry III could not stay
    execution
  • Day of Barricades, 1588 (U2.5 18)

19
War of the Three Henrys
  • Henry III has Henry Guise assassinated(1588)
    joins with Henry of Navarre against the Catholic
    League to retake Paris
  • 1589 Henry III assassinated for his alliance w/ a
    Protestant
  • So Henry of Navarre becomes King Henry IV, the
    politique

20
King Henry IV, the politique
  • 1593 Paris is worth a Mass converts to gain
    the throne!!!
  • 1595 declares war on Spain his popularity grows
  • 1598 Spain signs Treaty of Vervins economic
    drain on both countries is too great
  • EDICT OF NANTES 1598 (U2.519)
  • 1610 assassinated BUT his legacy? See pg. 358
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