?? ?????? ???? hinge ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? flexion ?? extension (????? ?????)

1

• ?? ?????? ???? hinge ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???
  ?????? ???? flexion ?? extension (????? ?????)
• ??? ?????? ???? ball and socket ??? ??? ??? ?????
  ???? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????.

???? ??? B.P.T - ???? ??????? ??????? - 2009
2
???? ????? ????? ???? Ball Socket
???? ??? B.P.T - ???? ??????? ??????? - 2009
3
????? ????? ????? ???? Hinge
???? ??? B.P.T - ???? ??????? ??????? - 2009
4
1. ???? ??????
???? ??? ??? ??????
??????. ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????.
????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??
???? ?????, ??????? ???? (?? ???????).  ???? ???
???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???
?? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????.
 ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? . 1
?????? ?????? (?????? ???? ?????) -?????? ????
?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????, ?????? ????
?? ?????? ????? ??????.  ??????, ??????? ???????
?? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? (??????? ?????
1) ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???
??????? (???, ?? ????) ??? ?????? ????.
5
2. ?????? ??????? (?????? ???? ????? ??????) -
?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????
???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????. ????? ????? ?????
????? ?????. ??????, ??????? ???? ?????? ????
????? ???????? (????? 2 )

???? 2 ????? ???????
6
3. ?????? ???????? (?????? ???? ????? ??????) -
?????? ??????? ?????? ???????, ??? ??? ??????
???????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???????????
(??????) ?? ????? (???? ??????). ????? ??????
??????? ??????? ?? ????, ???, ??? ????. ???????
????????? ????????? ????? ????
??? ?????? ????? 3)
???? 3 ???? ??????
7
???? ???? ???????
???? ???/????? ????? ???? ??? ?????
???? Shoulder girdle ScapulaClavicle ??? ????
Axilla ???? Arm ??? ?????Humerus ???Forearm
Radius Ulna ???? ?? ??? Carpus 8 carpal
bones (Wrist) ???? ????? ?? ??? Metacarpus 5
metacarpal bones 5 ????? ????? ?????? Digits
Phalanges ????? 2 ?????? ??? ?????? 3 ??????
carpals
metacarpals
Phalanges
8
?????? ???? ???????
????? ???? ????? ?????? Clavicle ?-Scapula.
????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????. ??????? ????? ?????
?? ??? ??????, ?????? ????? ????? ?"? ??????. ???
????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????.
???? ???? Shoulder jt.
???? ????? Elbow jt.
???? ????-??????
???? ???? ?? ??? Wrist jt.
carpals
?????? ??? ???
9
???? ???? Shoulder joint
???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? humerus ????
???????. ?????? flexion-extension abduction-ad
duction rotation
10
?????? ????? ?????
???? ????? Elbow jt. ??? ??? ????? Humerus ?-
Radius Ulna ???? ???, ????? ?????? ????-?????
?????
???? ????????? Radio-ulnar ??? ???? ??Radius
???? ?- Ulna ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???????-????????
11
?????? ??? ???
???? ???? ?? ??? Wrist jt. ???? ??? ?????
?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????. ????? ??????
?? ???. ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????
???????.
Wrist jt.
12
???? ???? ???????
???? ???/????? ????? ????Hip girdle ??? ????
??? Thigh ??? ????Femur ??? ????Patella
???Leg Tibia Fibula ???? ?? ???-?????
7 tarsal bones Tarsus (ankle) ?? ??? Metatarsus
5 metatarsal bones ?????? Digits Phalanges
Tarsal
13
????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? Hip girdle
????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????
????, ???? ?-Sacrum. ?????? ??? ????? ????
??????? ??? ????? ????? Pubic symphysis.
Sacrum
???? ????
??? ????
Hip girdle ????? ????
14
??? ????
???
??????? ?????
?????
??????? ????
???
??? ??????
15
??????? ???? ??????
???? ???? Hip joint ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????
???? Acetabulum ???? ????
16
????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? -
????? ????
17
???? ???? Knee joint ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??????
????? ?????
18
?? ????
Talus
???? ?????? Ankle joint ??? ???? ??????
Tibia
???? ????????
Talus
Calcaneus
??? ????
???? ???????