Radioactive Material Handling

1
Radioactive Material Handling
ACADs (08-006) Covered Keywords Inter
personal Relations, Pre-job preparation, Area
controls, Special Considerations, Airborne
Radioactivity, Airborne Controls, Airborne
Monitoring, Protective Clothing, Respiratory
Protection, Dosimetry, Work Documents,
Radioactive Material Handling, Radioactive Waste,
Shipping Radioactive Material
3.3.3.9 3.3.3.12 3.3.8.22 3.3.10.1 3.3.10.2 3.3.10.3
3.3.10.5 3.3.10.6 3.3.10.7 3.3.10.8 3.3.10.9 3.3.10.10
3.3.10.13 3.3.10.14 3.3.10.15 3.3.10.18 3.3.10.19 3.3.11.7
3.3.11.8 3.3.11.9 3.3.11.12 3.3.11.13 3.3.11.15 3.3.11.16
3.3.11.18 3.3.11.19 3.3.11.20 3.3.11.23 3.3.11.24 3.3.11.25
3.3.11.28 3.3.11.29 3.3.11.30 3.3.11.31 3.3.11.32 3.3.11.34
3.3.11.36 3.3.11.39 3.3.11.40 3.3.11.41 3.3.11.42 3.3.14.2
3.3.14.3 3.3.14.7 3.3.14.8 3.3.14.9 3.3.14.10 3.3.14.16
3.3.14.19 3.3.14.20 4.11.7 4.11.10
2
Overview

• Interpersonal Relations
• Pre-job preparation
• Area controls
• work Coverage
• Duties and Responsibilities
• General controls

3
Overview

• Special Considerations
• Airborne Radioactivity
• Airborne Controls
• Airborne Monitoring
• Protective Clothing
• Respiratory Protection
• Dosimetry

4
Overview

• Work Documents
• Radioactive Material Handling
• Radioactive Waste
• Shipping Radioactive Material

5
Interpersonal Relations

• Interpersonal Relations
• Book Report Dale Carnegie How to Win Friends and
  Influence People

6
Interpersonal Relations

• Discuss and demonstrate the interpersonal skills
  required for successful performance of duties in
  the following situations
• Job coverage
• Control Point
• Control Point
• Satellite control point
• Dealing with problems during work coverage

7
Pre-Job Preparation

• Evaluate the use of temporary shielding for
  specific jobs applications.
• Shielding for different radiation types
• Alpha
• Paper
• Layer of dead skin

8
Pre-Job Preparation

• Beta
• Low Z-number material
• Plastic
• Aluminum

9
Pre-Job Preparation

• Gamma
• High Z-Number material
• Lead
• Steel
• Depleted Uranium

10
Pre-Job Preparation

• Neutron
• Hydrogenous material
• Water
• Oil
• Neutron absorbers
• Boron
• Borated materials

11
Pre-Job Preparation

• Scenario
• Job QA walkthrough and inspection of area
  housekeeping and cleanliness. Includes inspection
  of several rooms including one room posted High
  Radiation Area. The inspection of the valve room
  is expected to take less than five minutes.

12
Pre-Job Preparation

• Room Remotely operated valve in the middle of an
  8x8 room has a contact dose rate of 500
  mrem/hour and a 30-cm dose rate of 150 mrem/hour.

13
Pre-Job Preparation

• Should we consider shielding the valve for the
  inspection?
• Why or why not?

14
Homework
15
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16
Pre-Job Preparation

• Job Disassemble pump in a High Radiation Area
  pump room. At any given time there will be up to
  five people in the room. The job is expected to
  take approximately two weeks from start to
  finish, with approximately 400 man-hours spent in
  the room.

17
Pre-Job Preparation

• Room contains four pumps and associated piping.
  Several hot spots from 300 mrem/hour to 2000
  mrem/hour.

18
Pre-Job Preparation

• Should we consider shielding the hot spots?
• What factors need to be considered?

19
Pre-Job Preparation

• Considerations
• Structural strength of the piping where shielding
  will be hung
• Do we shield all the hot spots?
• Just the hottest ones?
• Just the ones closest to the work?
• Is shadow shielding possible?
• Are there other methods for reducing exposure
  that might work for this evolution?

20
Pre-Job Preparation

• Describe the in-process radiological surveys to
  be performed under various radiological
  conditions, including radiation surveys,
  contamination surveys, and airborne radioactivity
  surveys.

21
Radiation Surveys

• Radiation surveys
• Establishing area conditions and low-dose standby
  areas
• Movement of sources
• Concentration of sources
• Operating valves
• Entry into previously unsurveyed areas

22
Where to Survey

• Components being worked on
• Nearby piping and components
• Locations where workers are positioned
• Path to and from the work site
• Low dose areas
• Hot spots
• Potentially transient dose rate areas (resin
  lines, drain lines, movement of sources).

23
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24
Contamination Surveys

• Opening systems
• Exposing surfaces
• Entering unsurveyed areas

25
Where to Survey

• Surfaces being worked on
• Nearby piping and components
• Locations where workers are positioned
• Path to and from the work site
• Newly exposed surfaces
• Potentially contaminated surfaces

26
Air Sampling

• Work in high contamination
• Work with the potential to cause airborne
  radioactivity
• Other work in the area or plant conditions may
  cause airborne radioactivity
• Verification (Negative data)

27
Where to Survey

• Breathing zone
• Downwind of source
• General area
• Outside of posted area to verify posting

28
UnexpectedLevels

• Higher than expected dose rates
• Higher than expected contamination levels

29
What do you do?

• Reevaluate
• Dosimetry
• Controls
• Shielding
• Survey frequencies
• PPE requirements

30
What Else?

• Review available dose of crew
• Consider stopping the job
• May need a new RWP
• Resurvey with a different instrument

31
Context
32
Area Controls

• Discuss proper job coverage and radiological
  protection measures for high-exposure jobs and
  potential high-exposure jobs, such as the
  following

33
Area Controls

• Steam generator maintenance (PWR)
• Reactor coolant pump seal replacement (PWR)
• Reactor water cleanup pump maintenance (BWR)
• Recirculation pump seal replacement (BWR)

34
Area Controls

• Reactor internal pump maintenance (ABWR)
• Control rod driver maintenance (BWR and ABWR)
• Diving operations
• Spent resin transfer operations

35
Area Controls

• Spent fuel movements
• In-core detector maintenance
• Work in or around the spent fuel pool

36
Area Controls

• Describe actions required when personnel leave a
  work site upon completion of radiological work,
  such as

37
Area Controls

• Packaging, marking, and transferring contaminated
  tools, equipment, and trash
• Removing protective clothing
• Monitoring for contamination
• Returning special dosimetry
• Signing out of the RWP
• Notifying radiological protections personnel of
  job completion

38
Context
39
Work Coverage

• Discuss plant access control procedures for entry
  into the following for the performance of work

40
Work Coverage

• Controlled Area
• Radiological Restricted Area
• Restricted Area
• Radiation Area

41
Work Coverage

• High radiation area
• Very high radiation area
• Contaminated area
• Airborne radioactivity area

42
Work Coverage

• Discuss requirements for conducting prejob
  briefings for radiological work
• Include discussion of the following

43
Work Coverage

• When are briefings required
• Frequency of briefings for ongoing work
• Required attendance (who has to be there?)
• Items to be dicussed
• Importance of resolving all questions

44
Work Coverage

• Explain actions to be taken if work scope changes
  from RWP.

45
Work Coverage

• Explain actions to be taken if work location
  differs from RWP.

46
Work Coverage

• Explain the importance of Stop Work Authority.
• Describe the appropriate use of Stop Work
  Authority

47
Context
48
Duties and Responsibilities

• Describe the methods used to invoke radiological
  protection requirements, such as

49
Duties and Responsibilities

• Steps in written procedures
• Radiation work permits
• Verbal instructions from the supervisor
• Verbal instruction from radiological protection
  personnel.

50
Duties and Responsibilities

• Explain the responsibilities of the following
  personnel regarding specifying, complying with,
  monitoring, and enforcing radiological protection
  and ALARA requirements

51
Duties and Responsibilities

• Worker
• Worker Supervisor
• Radiological Protection Technician
• RPT Supervisor

52
Duties and Responsibilities

• Discuss the conditions under which each of the
  following is to be invoked during radiological
  work

53
Duties and Responsibilities

• Continuous RPT coverage
• Intermittent RP technician coverage
• RP technician present at start of job
• No RP technician coverage
• Advanced radiation worker coverage

54
General Controls

• Identify the pre-job radiological survey
  requirements for the work operation to be
  performed. Based on the results of the pre-job
  surveys and the scope of work, identify or
  evaluate the need for the following

55
General Controls

• Formal ALARA review
• Pre-job briefing
• Dosimetry placement
• Protective clothing
• Respiratory protection

56
General Controls

• Special controls for
• Contamination control
• Exposure reduction
• Airborne
• Continuous coverage
• In-process surveys
• Radiological hold points

57
General Controls

• Describe precations to control airborne
  radioactivity
• Special ventilation
• Containment devices
• Area decontamination
• Work underwater, or keep surface wet

58
General Controls

• Describe precautions to be used to minimize the
  spread of radioactive contamination
• Containment devices
• Protective clothing
• Disposable coverings in job site preparation

59
General Controls

• Describe special precautions to control or reduce
  exposures, such as
• Use of stay times and timekeepers
• Continuous coverage
• Alarming dosimeters or dose rate meters
• Temporary shielding
• Low dose waiting areas
• Removal of sources

60
Airborne Radioactivity

• Identify the isotopes of primary concern for
  airborne radioactivity
• H3, Co-58, Co-60, Cs-134, Cs-137, I-131

61
Airborne Radioactivity

• Describe the Requirements for posting airborne
  radioactivity areas (10CFR20)
• Explain the differences between different types
  of airborne radioactivity (particulate, iodine,
  tritium and noble gases)
• Explain the differences in monitoring different
  types of airborne radioactivity

62
Airborne Radioactivity

• Describe the method for determining the derived
  air concentration (DAC), DAC-hours, and annual
  limit on intake (ALI) for a worker in an airborne
  radioactivity area.

63
Airborne Controls

• Identify work situations and practices that could
  produce airborne radioactivity, such as
• Opening a contaminated system
• Working in highly contaminated areas
• Cutting, grinding, or welding on contaminated
  surfaces
• Leaks from contaminated systems

64
Airborne Controls

• Describe controls that can reduce exposure to
  airborne radioactivity
• Filtered ventilation
• Decontamination
• Containment devices
• Repair leaks
• Work under water or keep work wet
• Respirator (last resort)

65
Airborne Monitoring

• Explain the difference between low-volume,
  high-volume, and lapel air samples.
• Explain how and when each is used.

66
Airborne Monitoring

• Discuss the differences between paper filters and
  charcoal filters and when each is used.
• Discuss the purpose of using a continuous air
  monitor and identify situation in which
  continuous air monitors are to be used
• Evaluate trends in airborne radioactivity based
  on sampling results

67
Airborne Monitoring

• Discuss methods for tracking exposure to airborne
  radioactivity, including
• Levels at which monitoring is required
• Sampling requirements
• Use of protection factors
• Documentation of exposure,
• Timekeeping
• Reporting and summing exposures

68
Context
69
Protective Clothing

• Identify and explain the factors determining the
  need for and type of protective clothing
• Contamination levels
• Position of the worker
• Presence of airborne radioactivity
• Presence of liquid
• Type of work
• Environmental conditions and total risk.

70
Protective Clothing

• Identify measures to take when protective
  clothing is used in conditions that could result
  in heat stress.

71
Respiratory Protection

• Define protection factor (10CFR20)

72
Respiratory Protection

• Identify the protection factors, advantages and
  disadvantages of the following respirators
• Full-face Negative Pressure
• Full-face positive pressure
• Full-face-airline
• Airline (bubble) hood respirator
• Self-contained breathing apparatus

73
Respiratory Protection

• Identify requirements and individual must meet
  before being issued a respirator
• Training
• Physical examination
• Quantitative fit test

74
Respiratory Protection

• Describe conditions under which each type of
  respiratory protection must be used
• Oxygen deficiency?
• IDLH?

75
Respiratory Protection

• Identify and explain the factors that determine
  the need for and type of respiratory equipment to
  be used during radiological work such as

76
Respiratory Protection

• Airborne levels
• Type of airborne radioactivity
• Contamination levels
• Wet or dry?
• Protection factor
• Duration of the job

77
Respiratory Protection

• Type of work being performed (welding, grinding,
  cutting)
• The impact of decreased worker efficiency,
  resulting in increased whole body exposure
• Applicability of portable ventilation instead of
  respirators

78
Communication
79
Dosimetry

• Explain how the type and location of whole-body
  dosimetry is determined for body position and
  dose rate gradient

80
Dosimetry

• Identify the criteria used to determine tha need
  for multiple badging or for extremity monitoring
• Discuss the use of lapel air samples

81
Work Documents

• Explain the purpose of radiation work permits
  (RWP)
• Explain the difference between standing and
  job-specific RWPs

82
Work Documents

• Identify the information to be included on an
  RWP, such as
• Scope of work
• Radiological conditions
• Dose action levels
• Hot spots
• Authorized personnel
• Dosimetry requirements

83
Work Documents

• Respiratory protection requirements
• Protective clothing requirements
• RWP expiration date
• Radiological coverage and notifications
• Special precautions, limitations and restrictions

84
Work Documents

• Explain the purpose of having each worker read
  and sign the RWP
• Demonstrate actions that should be taken if
  radiological conditions at the job site are
  significantly different from those shown on the
  RWP

85
Communication
86
Radioactive Material Handling

• Identify the packaging, marking and labeling
  requirements for storing radioactive materials.

87
Radioactive Material Handling

• Identify NRC-licensed radioactive materials that
  require special controls, and discuss the
  controls required
• Describe the approval and posting requirements
  for radioactive material areas and radioactive
  material storage areas.

88
Radioactive Material Handling

• Identify special precautions and restrictions for
  storing radioactive materials outdoors.

89
Radioactive Material Handling

• Describe the controls over radioactive effluent
  releases, including
• Liquid and gaseous radioactivity release paths
• Radiation monitors to detect and measure releases
• Procedure controls and records associated with
  releases
• Use of DAC and technical specification (tech
  spec) limits
• Radiological environmental tech specs

90
Radioactive Waste

• Describe plant systems for storing and processing
  radioactive liquid waste
• Explain the radiological protection requirements
  associated with processing liquid wastes using

91
Radioactive Waste

• Explain the radiological protection requirements
  associated with processing liquid wastes using
• Evaporators
• Solidification of evaporated bottoms
• Transfer of demineralizer resin to shipping casks
• Dewatering and solidification of resins

92
Radioactive Waste

• Describe the radiological protection requirements
  for operating a radioactive waste compactor

93
Radioactive Waste

• Identify and explain techniques for reducing the
  volume of radioactive solid waste generated, such
  as

94
Radioactive Waste

• Minimize material entering radiological areas
• Decontamination
• Segregating non-radioactive waste
• Reuse cloth rags, shoe covers, bags, PCs
• Compaction
• Hot Tool Room
• Remove packing materials outside the
  radiologically restricted area

95
Shipping Radioactive Material

• Identify regulations and procedures for shipping
  and receiving radioactive materials

96
Shipping Radioactive Material

• Define the following terms related to shipping
  radioactive material
• Type A and Type B
• Low Specific Activity
• Limited Quantity
• Exempt Quantity
• Special Form and Normal Form

97
Shipping Radioactive Material

• Discuss regulatory limits for radiation levels
  and contamination levels for packages and
  vehicles while in transit.