Molecular Basis Of Cancer

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Molecular Basis Of Cancer

• Non-lethal genetic damage lies at the heart of
  carcinogenesis
• Genetic hypothesis of cancer implies that a tumor
  mass result from the clonal expansion of a single
  progenitor cell that incurred the genetic damage

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Types of Normal Cellular Genes

• 3 Normal regulatory genes
• - Growth promoting protooncogene
• -Growth inhibiting tumor suppressor gene
• -Gene regulate apoptosis
• 4th--? DNA repair gene

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Normal cell growth

• Any external stimuli leads to stimulation of
  growth by growth stimulating gene called
• Proto-oncogene
• This should be stopped by gene which will control
  the growth called
• Tumor suppressor gene
• Any mutated gene will be either repaired by DNA
  repair gene or killed by gene called apoptosis
  gene

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Principles of Carcinogenesis

• Neoplastic transformation is a progressive
  process involving multiple hits or genetic
  changes.
• Alterations in DNA cause changes in one or more
  of the following types of genes
• Proto- oncogenes
• Tumor suppressor genes
• Genes regulate apoptosis
• DNA repair genes

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Tumor Development and Growth

• Transformation
• Growth of transformed cells
• Invasion of tumor cells into the surrounding
  tissues
• Metastasis of tumor cells to distant sites

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Hallmarks of Cancer
Six fundamental changes of cell Physiology

• Self sufficiency in growth factors
• Insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals
• Evasion of apoptosis
• Limitless replicative potential
• Sustained angiogenesis
• Ability to invade and metastasize

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30 OF ALL TUMORS
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