Ecology

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Ecology

• The scientific study of the relationships among
  living organisms and the interaction they have
  with the environment

Part 1 Organisms and Their Relationships Part
2 Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem Part 3
Cycling of Matter
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Day 1

• Organisms and Their Relationships

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First, lets review What is a Living Thing?

• Composed of cells.
• Complex organization patterns
• Use energy.
• Have stable internal conditions.
• Grow and change.
• Reproduce

LetsReview!
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Biotic and Abiotic Factors

• Biotic
• The living factors in an organisms environment

• Abiotic
• The nonliving factors in an organisms environment

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Biotic or Abiotic?(Make a Venn Diagram with your
group)

• Whale
• Clock
• Water
• Fish
• Paper
• Glass
• Aluminum
• Wooden Ruler
• Sand
• Clouds
• Corpse
• Snail
• Steak

• Pork Chops
• Salad
• Bread
• Plant
• Hair
• Finger Nails
• Pipe
• Cotton Fabric
• Wool
• Gold
• Plastic
• Grapes
• Air

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Levels of Organization

• We have covered very small living things.
• Just to review, lets start with the cell

Cell ?
Tissues ?
Organs ?
Organisms ?
Population ?
LetsReview!
Biological Community ?
Ecosystem ?
Biome ?
Biosphere
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Levels of Organization

• Organism An individual
• Population Organisms of a single species that
  share the same geographic location
• Community A group of interacting populations
  (different species) that occupy the same area at
  the same time.

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Levels of Organization

• Ecosystem A community and all of the abiotic
  factors that affect it.
• Biome A large group of ecosystems that share
  the same climate and have similar types of
  communities.
• Biosphere All biomes together the Earth

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Community Interactions

• Competition More than one organism uses a
  resource at the same time.
• Predation The act of one organism consuming
  another organism for food.
• Symbiosis The close relationship that exists
  when two or more species live together.

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Symbiotic relationships

• Mutualism When both organisms benefit (ex.
  Lichen photosynthetic algae and fungus)
• Algae provides food (sugar) for the fungus
• Fungus provides algae with water
• Commensalism One organism benefits, while the
  other is neither helped nor harmed.
• Parasitism One organism benefits at the expense
  of the other.

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Ecosystem Interactions

• Habitat An area where an organism lives
• Niche The role or position that an organism has
  in its environment

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Day 2

• Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem

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Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem

• Autotroph An organism that collects energy from
  sunlight or inorganic substances to produce food.
  (Producer)
• Heterotroph An organism that gets its energy
  requirements by consuming other organisms.
  (Consumer)

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Different types of Heterotrophs

• Herbivore Eats only plants
• (Deer, rabbits, grasshoppers, etc.)
• Carnivore Prey on other heterotrophs
• (Wolves, lions, cats, etc.)
• Omnivore Eat both plants and animals
• (Bears, humans, mockingbirds, etc.)
• Detritivore Eat fragments of dead matter
• (Worms, organisms on stream bottoms, fungi)

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Models of Energy Flow

• Trophic Levels Each step in a food chain or
  food web.
• Autotrophs always make up the first trophic level
  in ecosystems.
• Heterotrophs make up the remaining levels

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Models of Energy Flow

• Food chains A simple model that shows how
  energy flows through an ecosystem

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Models of Energy Flow

• Food webs
• Show flow of energy through many interconnected
  food chains

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How many connections can we make?
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Activity Deadly Links(In your IntNB, record
the following on top of page 95)

• Objective To understand how food (energy) moves
  through an ecosystem and to understand the
  phenomonon called biological magnification.
• Once your teacher assigns you a role in the food
  chain, circle whether you are a grasshopper,
  shrew, or a hawk in the GET STARTED box

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Now that you have completed the activity

• Explain in the notes section of your interactive
  notebook, copy the questions on the left and
  answer the following questions on the right hand
  side
• What happened to the animals at each level of the
  food web
• Summarize your understanding of biological
  magnification

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Models of Energy Flow

• Ecological pyramids A diagram that can show the
  relative amounts of energy, numbers of organisms,
  or biomass at each trophic level in an ecosystem.
• Biomass The total mass of living matter at each
  trophic level

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Activity 2

• Create the biological pyramid represented in the
  deadly-links game on page 97

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Day 3

• Cycling of Matter

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Warm-up What does your DDT graph tell you?
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Cycling of Matter

• Cycles in the Biosphere
• Natural processes cycle matter through the
  atmosphere
• The exchange of matter through the biosphere is
  called the biogeochemical cycle.
• Bio Involves living things
• Geo Geological Processes
• Chemical Chemical Processes

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The Water Cycle
Solar Energy
Movement of clouds by wind
Precipitation
Evaporation
Precipitation
Transpiration from plants
Percolation in soil
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The Water Cycle

• Most precipitation falls into the ocean
• Over land
• approximately 90 of the water evaporates
• 10 transpires (evaporated) from plants
• Only about 2 of water is retained in a reservoir
  
• i.e., a glacier, ice cap, aquifer or lake

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Carbon and Oxygen Cycles
CO2 in atmosphere
Burning
Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis
Plants, Algae Cyanobacteria
Higher level Consumers
Wood Fossil Fuels
Primary Consumer
Detritivores(soil microbes others)
Detritus
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Carbon and Oxygen Cycles

• Classified in two groups
• Short term cycles
• Long term cycles

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Carbon and Oxygen Cycles

• 1) Short term cycle
• Autotrophs use CO2 for ____________.
• Heterotrophs produce CO2 during ________
  __________.

Photosynthesis
Cellular
Respiration
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Carbon and Oxygen Cycles

• 2) Long term cycle
• a) Fossil Fuels
• Organic matter is buried and converted to peat,
  coal, oil or gas deposits.
• 5.5 billion tons are burned annually
• 3.3 billion tons stay in the atmos-phere, the
  rest dissolves in sea water

http//www.ucar.edu/ (The National Center for
Atmospheric Research)
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Carbon and Oxygen Cycle

• b) Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)
• Marine animals use Carbon to build skeleton
• They fall to thebottom of the ocean,creating
  limestone rock.

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Carbon and Oxygen Cycles

• c) Atmosphere (atm)
• 21 Oxygen (O2) is found in the atm
• very reactive element that combines with other
  elements and disappear from the atmosphere.
• Some of the O2 is converted into Ozone (O3) in
  higher atm
• Ozone absorbs damaging UV radiation from the
  sun.

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Carbon and Oxygen Cycles

• d) Green house effect
• Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a greenhouse gas and
  traps heat in the atmosphere.
• 30 more CO2 in air today than 150 years ago due
  to human activity (burning of fossil fuels)
• The atm has not held this much Carbon for at
  least 420,000 years

http//www.ucar.edu/ (The National Center for
Atmospheric Research)
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Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen in atmosphere
Plants
Assimilation
Denitrifying bacteria
Nitrates (NO3-)
Nitrogen fixingbacteria in rootnodules
oflegumes
Decomposers (aerobic anaerobic bacteria and
fungi)
Nitrifying bacteria
Ammonification
Ammonium (NH4)
Nitrites (NO2-)
Nitrogen fixing bacteria in soil
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Nitrogen Cycle

• Nitrogen is 78 of atmosphere
• Most is unusable.
• nitrogen gas (N2) is made of 2 strongly bonded
  atoms.
• Lots of energy needed to break these bonds, such
  as produced by lightning or fires
• Little Nitrogen on land or sea
• Bacteria can release nitrogen from organic
  material
• Bacteria can also release nitrogen from organic
  material back into the atm
• Nitrogen is a key element in proteins and DNA.