Technical Rescue Awareness Program

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Technical Rescue Awareness Program

• I like to call this TRAP training
• It is designed with all Firefighters in the State
  of Illinois in mind.

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Course Effective Date 01January 2001

• This course will replace, Confined space / Trench
  Awareness 01/2002
• This course will replace Structural Collapse
  Awareness 01/2002
• This course will be a prerequisite for all RESCUE
  COURSES 01/2002
• Any questions?????????

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A Little about me

• Robert Bush (BOB)
• Full time Firefighter Naperville Fire
• Safety / TSO Roselle Fire
• Member of the Technical Rescue AD HOC Committee.
• I have been in the fire service for 13 years

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• I am prior service ARMY
• Certified in numerous areas within the state of
  Illinois, OSFM.
• If you ever get a chance, please call Mitzi in
  Springfield. She spend many hour typing and
  correcting our mistakes for the past year
• 815/-

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1-1 Definitions (See Objectives)

• (See Objectives)
• You will need to know all of these.

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Start Date 01/01/20012-1 General

• This Technical Rescue Awareness course has been
  developed by fellow firefighters within the State
  of Illinois in conjunction with the Office of the
  State Fire Marshals Office. The members of the
  steering committee followed the guidelines of the
  OSFM and NFPA 1670.

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Technical Rescue Awareness Program

• This course is meant to provide you a means in
  which to identify and properly react to uncommon,
  dangerous and difficult rescue situations.
  Further training is required for actual rescue
  operations and practices.

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• This course does not contain hands on training.
  The AHJ is responsible for training per NFPA
  1670, Operations and Training for Technical
  Rescue Incidents. NFPA 1670 refers to Emergency
  Medical Services (EMS) and Basic Life Support
  (BLS). It is the AHJs responsibility to properly
  instruct members in emergency medical care.

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Technical Rescue Awareness Program

• EMS cannot be taught at this level due to the
  vast number of systems within the State of
  Illinois, the lack of uniform policies and
  procedures / guidelines with the separate regions
  in Illinois, and the training requirements as
  established by the Illinois Department of Public
  Health (IDPH).

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Technical Rescue Awareness

• This course will cover basic and general
  knowledge on the following topic
  areasStructural Collapse. - Various types of
  building collapses.Rope Rescue - Various rescue
  situations require rope work.Confined Space -
  Rescues in confined spaces, Vats, Sewers, silos,
  etc.Vehicle and Machinery - Roadway extrication
  and Industrial rescue/ extrication.Water. - Ice,
  surf, dive and swift water.Wilderness Search and
  Rescue - Search patterns and situation
  analysis.Trench and Excavation.

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OSFM Requirements for certification

• Certified Firefighter II.
• 100 attendance of the 8 hours awareness course.
• Passing the state written exam by 70.

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• Each AHJ needs to have an action plan and
  policies in place to handle technical rescue
  incidents.
• The AHJ has complete and total control over all
  resources requested.
• Given this, they also have the authority to stop
  any rescue attempts if warranted.

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• A hazard analysis and risk assessment will
  provide the AHJ with the information needed to
  make an informed decision on the likelihood of an
  incident, where it might occur, and the effects
  on the community.

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• AHJ are required to establish written standard
  operating procedures/guidelines consistent with
  one of the following operational levels

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• 1. Awareness Basic initial company response.
  Responders at this level have the basic
  information to identify the type of incident and
  start initial company operations.
• 2. Operations This is a basic technical
  response. Individuals at this level of training
  are able to deal with most non-complex
  situations.
• 3. Technician Individuals at this level are
  considered expert in the specific field. They
  are trained to deal with complex and difficult
  incidents.

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• F. Awareness level personnel are those who may be
  first on the scene through the course of regular
  job duties of a technical rescue incident.
  Generally, they are not considered rescuers as
  such. The AHJ should ensure these people know
  the hazards that are in their jurisdiction.

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Elements of safety at a technical rescue

• Personnel accountability system (PAS)- The AHJ
  must be accountable for all members operating at
  an incident.

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Elements of safety at a technical rescue

• Evacuation Procedures/guidelines. - Every member
  operating at the incident must know these
  procedures / guidelines. Each sector must know
  what its action will be in the event an
  evacuation order is given.

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Elements of safety at a technical rescue

• Personnel Protective Equipment - Each AHJ is
  responsible for determining personnel protective
  equipment.

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Hazard and Risk assessment (SIZE-UP).

• The need for continuous size up must never be
  over looked. Every technical rescue, no matter
  what magnitude, can change in a given second. The
  initial assessment and hazard analysis will set
  the groundwork for the entire incident.

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Size-Up

• 1. Size-Up, Scope, magnitude, and nature of
  the incident. 2. Location and number of victims.
  3. Risk / Benefit analysis. Will the end
  result justify the means? 4. Pre-plans - will
  address more then one way to get to the area. 5.
  Environmental Factors. Loss of life can be
  expected to rise in time of extreme heat and
  cold.

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Size-Up

• 6. Patient Contact. Your safety is paramount.
  Can you see or hear the patients? Hailing, tags
  lines, radios, and con-space systems can be used.
  Does the victim know you are there?

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HELP

• Availability / necessary resources. What
  resources do you have available?Incident
  Management System / Incident Command System. In
  order to manage the incident, command and control
  must be established.

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SECTORS

• For the technical rescue incident the following
  sectors are a minimum that must be established.
• 1.Command
• 2.Safety
• 3.Rescue
• 4.Optional sectors

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SECTORS

• 1. Command Responsible for the entire incident.
  
• 2. Safety Safety sector should be trained to
  the level of the incident.

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SECTORS

• 3. Rescue The rescue sector is responsible for
  establishing a rescue plan, informing all sectors
  of the plan, and insuring the plan is carried
  out.

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SECTORS

• 4. Optional sectors Logistics, Public
  Information, Staging, Rehab, Suppression, EMS,
  and numerous others as outline in NFPA1561,
  Standard in Fire Department Incident Management.

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Scene control/Initial Company Operations

• Control Zones These zones will replicate the
  Hot, Warm and Cold zones established during a
  hazardous materials incident.
• Witness interviews Who, what, where, why,
  when must be solicited from all individuals in
  the area.

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SCENE CONTROL

• Patient Contact Control who talks to the victim
  and what the victim hears.
• Bystander Interaction Establishing control
  zones will keep all non - essential personnel
  out of harms way

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SCENE CONTROL

• Police Assistance
• The Police departments are an extremely valuable
  resource at your disposal.

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SCENE CONTROL

• Machinery / Vehicles With machinery, find
  someone with expertise. What are the actions of a
  full cycle machine? Use of apparatus to block
  traffic, not personnel.

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SCENE CONTROL

• Utilities -
• Have their emergency contact numbers available on
  all apparatus.

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3-1 Structural Collapse

• Awareness level functions that occur at a
  Structural Collapse Incident1. Size up
  2. Triage Criteria

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Destructive Forces that effect structures

• 1. Earthquakes2. Wind3. Floods4. Snow and
  Rain5. Construction Problems6. Explosions7. Str
  uctural Decay8. Fire9. Transportation
  Accidents

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Various roles within the Response System

• 1. Initial Spontaneous response
• 2. Planned Community response
• 3. Void Space rescue
• 4. Technical, Urban Search and Rescue

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General hazards as they relate to

• 1. Operation level responsea. Light Frame
  ordinary constructionb. Un-reinforced and
  reinforced masonry

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COLLAPSE
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COLLAPSE
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2. Technician level response

• a. Concrete tilt up

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COLLAPSE
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COLLAPSE

• b. Reinforced concrete

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COLLAPSE
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Five major types of collapse and victim locations

• 1. Lean-to
• 2. V-shape
• 3. A-shape
• 4. Pancake
• 5. Cantilever

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Collapse Patterns
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COLLAPSE

• Secondary collapse1. Chalk2. Spray3. Mechanica
  l devices

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COLLAPSE

• External equipment that may be used to locate
  trapped victims1. Visual2. Verbal and / or
  Audible

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SEARCH MARKINGS

• H. Identify and explain the procedures /
  guidelines for recognition and implementation of
  the Marking Systems1. Building Marking
  System2. Structure Marking System3. FEMA Task
  Force Search and Rescue Marking System

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SEARCH MARKINGS
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SEARCH MARKINGS
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SEARCH MARKINGS
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SEARCH MARKINGS
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SEARCH MARKINGS
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SEARCH MARKINGS
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SEARCH MARKINGS
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STREET ID
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STREET ID
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SIDES
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QUADRANTS
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MULTI- FLOOR
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4-1 Rope

• Rope rescue is the providing of aid to those in
  danger of injury or death in an environment where
  the use of rope and related equipment is
  necessary to perform the rescue safely and
  successfully.

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A. Types of rope rescues

• 1 .High angle rescue2. Slope evacuationB. Uses
  for rope rescue High angle rescue Slope
  evacuationConfined space rescueTrenchWater
  rescueWild land search and rescue

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C. Hazards associated with rope rescue.

• Falls and Other hazards
• A. Trip hazards
• Uneven or wet ground
• c. Entanglement or
• pinching hazards ( i.e. hands caught in rope
  equipment)

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Hazards associated with rope rescue

• d. Falling objects (i.e. equipment, rocks,
  building components)
• e. Utilities
• f. Atmospheric hazards
• g. Weather

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Hazards associated with rope rescue

• h. Untrained responders (misuse and abuse of
  equipment)
• i. Hostile by-standers / victims
• j. Hazards specific to the location of the
  rescue.

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General Safety Considerations for Rope Rescue

• It is the responsibility of the AHJ to pre-plan
  your response area to identify the location and
  hazards of potential rope rescue incidents and
  prepare for them through training and response
  procedures / guidelines.

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D. First-Due Company Operations

• It has been said that the first 5 minutes of an
  operation determines the next 5 hours. That can
  never be understated in rope rescue. First-due
  companies, even though not considered rescuers,
  have many very important tasks to ensure to
  overall success of the entire operation.

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1. Size-up

• Size-up must be a continuous process.a. Scope,
  magnitude, and nature of the incidentb. Location
  of the incident.c. Risk versus benefit analysis
  (rescue vs. recovery)d. Access to the
  scene.e. Environmental factorsf. Available /
  necessary resources.g. Ability to contact
  victim(s) can this be done without endangering
  rescuers and victim(s)

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2. Secure the general area.

• a. This area will include an area within 300 ft.
  (or more, per incident command)
• b. Make the area safe for rescuers
• Control / limit traffic and sources of vibration
  in the area, this may include shutting down
  vehicles and equipment.
• Control / limit access to the area by unnecessary
  personnel.
• Identify all other hazards and remove or reduce
  their impact.

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Notify a qualified rescue team to perform the
Rescue.

• These teams should be identified by AHJ or
  department SOP / SOG.

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5-1 Confined Space

• A. Permit Required Confined Space Law1. OSHA
  law is 29CFR 1910.1462. IDOL (Illinois
  Department of Labor) has adopted this law3. Law
  identifies two types of spaces

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Confined Space- contains all of
following-(non-permit)

• i) Large enough and so configured to bodily enter
• ii) Limited or restricted means of entry and
  exit
• iii) Not designed for continuous human occupancy

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Permit required confined space

• i) A confined space that contains one of the
  followinga) Contains or has the potential to
  contain a hazardous atmosphere (Any atmosphere
  that is oxygen deficient, contains a toxic or
  disease-producing contaminant, or is potentially
  explosive. A hazardous atmosphere could be
  immediately dangerous to life and health)

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Permit required confined space

• b) Contains a substance that could engulf the
  entrantc) Contains inwardly converging
  walls/floors that could trap an entrant causing
  asphyxiationd) Contains any other recognized
  serious safety or health hazard

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Confined Space

• ii) Additionally the law allows the use of
  alternate entry procedures with Permit Required
  Confined Spaces in which the only hazard posed
  by the permit space is an actual or potential
  hazardous atmosphere, when it can be
  demonstrated that continuous forced air
  ventilation alone is sufficient to maintain that
  permit space is safe for entry.

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Confined Space

• B. OSHA statistics regarding confined space
  deaths1. Studies show 60-80 of deaths are
  would be rescuers2. Studies also show that up to
  90 of deaths are from atmospheric problems

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Confined Space

• C. Reasons for entering confined spaces
• 1. Inspections/Maintenance
• 2. Rescue
• 3. Training

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Confined Space

• D. General Hazards associated with confined space
  rescue operations1. Hazardous
  Atmospheres2. Falls3. Other Hazards- as
  determined by the AHJ4. Lack of specialized
  equipment and training to perform rescue safely,
  i.e. Trying to make entry through small openings
  by removing your SCBA from your back and pushing
  it ahead of you. If you cant fit trough the
  opening with your SCBA on your back you need SABA
  (air-line).

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Confined Space

• E. Initial tasks of first in companies1. Size-up
  as discussed in general awarenessa. Determine
  best access to the spaceb. Make contact with
  patients if safe to do soc. Attempt to determine
  the number of victims

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Confined Space

• 2. Secure general area around spaceMake general
  area safe by the followingi) Control/limit
  traffic and sources of vibration including
  shutting down all vehicles and equipmentii) Contr
  ol/limit access to general area by unnecessary
  personnel

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Confined Space

• Identify hazards and remove/reduce their
  impact.i) Lock out/Tag out per 29 CFR
  1910.147Notify qualified rescue team to perform
  rescue. These teams should be identified by AHJ
  or department SOP/SOG

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Confined Space

• i) Dont get pushed into someone elses
  emergency. The law requires the owner of the
  permit required confined space to provide for a
  rescue team prior to any entry, this does not
  mean that we by virtue of being the Fire
  Department are obligated to provide this service.
  The owner of the space if he wants to utilize
  the Fire Department as his rescue team, must have
  an agreement with that Fire Department, that they
  will provide this specialized service.

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Initial rescue actions

• i) Monitor space for atmosphere
• ii) Ventilate space to alleviate atmospheric
  problems including heat/cold or other severe
  environmental hazards
• iii) Retrieve victim by non-entry
  rescue/pre-rigged devices

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6-1 Vehicle and Machinery

• Identify the size up that must occur at an
  accident.1. Environmental conditions are
  controlled by the weather.a. Extreme heat and
  cold
• b. Rain, sleet and snow darkness

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Vehicle and Machinery

• 2 Patient injuries - look for the mechanism of
  injury which can produce trauma toa. Head,
  face, hand and arm injuries from windshield, air
  bag, steering wheel, A and B post, rear view
  mirror, roof, etc.
• b. Chest, stomach and hip injuries from the
  steering wheel, air bag, door, seat belts, etc..
• c. Leg and foot injuries from steering wheel,
  dash board, door, etc.

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Vehicle and Machinery

• 3. Scene conditions can have a wide range of
  problemsa. Vehicle stability
• b. Hazardous materials
• c. Electrical problems
• i) vehicle
• ii) utilities
• iii) machinery power

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Vehicle and Machinery

• d. Fire
• e. Crowd Control
• f. Hydraulic bumpers
• g. Survey of Scene

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Vehicle and Machinery

• B. Identify and notify the resources necessary to
  conduct a safe and effective operations.1. Polic
  e maintain a. crowd controlb. traffic
  controlc. preserve scene for i) accident
  reconstructionii) investigation

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Vehicle and Machinery

• 2. Fire department shoulda. Maintain scene
  safetyi) Extinguishing firesii) Preventing
  firesiii) Handling spills or leaksb. Maintain
  vehicle safetyi) Check fuel systemii) Check
  the electrical system

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Vehicle and Machinery

• 3. Emergency medical services is responsible
  fora. Assessment of Patientb. Packagingc. Ass
  ess patient disentanglement and
  extricationd. Patient Handlinge. Transportation
  

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Vehicle and Machinery

• 4. Extrication personnel is responsible
  fora. Vehicle stabilizationb. Create safe
  access for EMS Personnelc. Safe disentanglement
  of the patientd. Assist the EMS personnel

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Vehicle and Machinery

• C. Identify the hazards associated with vehicle
  and machinery rescues 1. Air Bagsa. Identify
  the air bag system within the vehicle by one of
  the following logos SRS, SLR, Air Bag, Side Air
  Bag, Knee Impact Bag, Head Impact Bag, Head
  curtain Bag, etc.b. Electrical drain
  time1) Electrical drain time after the battery
  power has been disconnected could range from 30
  seconds to 25 minutes.

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Vehicle and Machinery

• c. Safety Distances, 5, 10 and 181) For
  safety of the rescue personnel and the patient,
  the distance of 5 for side air bag, 10 for
  drivers air bag and 18 for passenger air bag
  should be maintained away form the bags.

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Fuel systems

• 2. Fuel systemsa. Gasoline systemb. Diesel
  systemc. Compressed natural or liquefied
  petroleum gas systemd. Electrical
  system1) Electrical cars are not common but
  maybe seen in industrial areas. The largest
  concern for electrical cars is the presence of
  batteries and acid.

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Hydraulic Shocks

• 3. Hydraulic Shocks
• a. absorbing bumpers
• b. hatch back
• c. hood pistons
• d. hydraulic suspension

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Batteries and their locations

1. Batteries and their locationsa. Under the hood
   (high)b. Under the hood (low/hidden)c. Under
   the back seatd. In the trunke. Wheel wells

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Vehicle and Machinery

• 4. Seat belt pretensioners have one of three
  locationsa. Low and Mid B postb. C post
  Lowc. Inner front and rear seat buckler area

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Vehicle and Machinery

• 5. Gears, chains and pulleysa. Power
  sourceb. Rugged equipmentc. Chemical hazard

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Vehicle and Machinery

• 6. Augers and conveyor beltsa. Remote
  areab. Time delay to the patientc. Power
  sourced. Rugged equipmente. Chemical hazard

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D. Initial Company Actions

• 1. Scene protection-safety of rescuer is first
  priority 2. Initial access into a vehicle or
  machinery 3. Initial stabilization

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Need for control at the scene of an incident.

• 1. Traffic needs to be controlled for the safety
  of the rescue personnel.Crowds could restrict
  the rescuers activities at the scene2. Machine
  can be controlled in two ways

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Need for control at the scene of an incident

• CAUTION Beware of stored potential energy or
  full cycle machinery.
• EXAMPLE Machinery that continues to move after
  power is removed.

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Need for control at the scene of an incident

• a. Electrical power can be shut down and locked
  out at the main electrical boxb. Mechanical
  power (hydraulic, pneumatic or motor) can be shut
  down and locked out

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7-1 Water

• A. Fire service need for Water Rescue
  Awareness1. Most jurisdictions have some type
  of body of water.
• 2. Most jurisdictions have the potential for
  flooding.
• 3. Many water related incidents require expertise
  beyond the normal capability of some fire
  departments.

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Water

• a. Personnel and teams trained to the operations
  or technician level.
• b. Proper personal protective equipment.
• c. Proper technical rescue equipment.

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Water

• B. NFPA recognizes four different water related
  disciplines at the operations and technician
  level dive, ice, surf, and swift water.
• C. Hazards that are associated with water rescue
  incidents

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Human nature and the nature of fire service
personnel.

• a. Fire service personnel are action oriented.
  They want to act now.
• b. Rescues are attempted without the proper
  training or equipment.

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2. Environmental hazards may include

• a. Extreme temperaturesi) Cold temperatures
  causing hypothermia, frostbite, and equipment
  malfunctions.
• ii) Hot temperatures causing hyperthermia and
  overheating in personal protective gear. Under
  water survival time is lost in hot temperatures.

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Weather, including rain, snow, and high winds.

1. Hypothermia is accelerated when personnel are
   wet or in the water.
2. Body heat is lost to still water 25 times as
   fast as to still air of the same temperature.

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c. Aquatic environment

• i) Animal life, fish, insect
• ii) Plant life, seaweed
• iii) Biohazards, bacterial, viral

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3. General hazards

• a. Utilities including electrical, gas, sanitary,
  and communications.
• b. Hazardous materials.
• c. Personal hazards including trips, falls, steep
  and slippery terrain, drop offs, holes, hidden
  obstructions that may cause injury or
  entanglement.

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4. Hazards associated with dive operations

• a. Baro-trauma including decompression sickness,
  nitrogen narcosis, oxygen toxicity, embolism,
  etc.
• b. Drowning. May be related to lost diver, loss
  of air, anxiety reactions.
• c. Fatigue, exhaustion, heat stress, dehydration,
  or hypothermia.
• d. Pre-existing medical conditions, smoking, or
  use of medications.

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Hazards associated with ice operations

• a. Cold injuries including frostbite and
  hypothermia.
• b. Thin ice causing sudden emersion or entrapment
  under the ice.

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6. Hazards associated with surf operations

• a. Breaking waves generating extreme forces.
• b. Undertows, tides, and currents.

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7. Hazards associated with swift water operations

• a. Awesome, relentless power of moving water.
• b. Strainers and debris.
• c. Holes.
• d. Obstructions.
• i) Above the water surface.
• ii) Below the water surface. (Upstream Vs and
  downstream Vs).

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CURRENTS AND PATTERNS

• e. Current patterns.i) Laminar flow.
• ii) Helical flow (upwelling).
• iii) Eddies (back current).

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8. Hazards associated with low head dams, The
Killing/Drowning Machine.

• a. Illusion (cannot be perceived from upstream
  and do not look particularly dangerous).
• b. Hydraulic (vertical whirlpool)
• c. Aeration in the hydraulic (causes cavitation
  to boat propellers).

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Personal protective equipment during water rescue
incidents.

• Firefighting helmets, boots, and turnout gear are
  not typically appropriate for water rescue work.
• Thermal protection including wet suits and dry
  suits.
• PFDs (personal flotation device) should be worn
  while in or near the water or while in a boat.
• Tagline or lifeline.
• Helmet.

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E. Cold water near drowning.

• 1. Age of the victim.
• 2. Temperature of the water.a. Below 70 degrees
  F.b. The patient could be below the
  thermocline.
• 3. Length of submersion (under 90 minutes still
  in rescue mode).
• 4. Quality BLS and ALS patient treatment.

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F. Water rescue response for awareness level
trained personnel.

• 1. Assessment phase (size-up)a. Scope,
  magnitude, and type of water rescue
  incident.b. Environmental factors and potential
  for changing conditions.i) Change in weather
  conditions.ii) Loss of daylight.iii) Water
  levels and current changing drastically (flash
  flooding).

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Water rescue

• Assessment of hazards.
• Location and number of victims.
• Risk/benefit analysis (rescue vs. recovery).
• Access to the scene.

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2. Initial tasks.

• a. Gain control of the scene (establish site
  security).
• b. Establish an Incident Command System.
• c. Accountability and safety of personnel (This
  starts with proper training and equipment).
• d. Evaluate the patients condition (they may or
  may not be able to assist in their own rescue).
• e. Evaluate the resources available and those
  that will be needed.

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f. Secure and interview witnesses.

• i) Try to keep witnesses at the scene.
• ii) Interview witnesses separately.
• iii) Collect the witness personal information
  (they might need to be interviewed again).

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g. Establish a last seen point.

• i) Triangulate with more than one witness.
• ii) Use of reference object (same size as person,
  vehicle, or plane that went down).
• iii) A hole in the ice is an excellent last seen
  point. Dont destroy it.

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h. Evaluate physical evidence.

• i) Notes, clothes, and footprints.
• ii) Tire tracks, debris, oil slick, and bubbles.

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Identifying the need for a water rescue response
beyond the awareness level.

• 1. The AHJ should have an emergency response
  system established for water related incidents.
  This may include the response of
• a. Operations and technician level trained
  personnel (divers, ice divers, swift water
  technicians, etc.).
• b. Police and evidence technicians.
• c. Specialized equipment (boats, tow trucks,
  extrication equipment, etc.)

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WATER RESCUE

• d. EMS response.i) An ambulance for each
  patient and one for dive support.ii) Air
  transport to a level I trauma facility.
• e. Rehab personnel should be considered early on
  in the incident.
• f. An operational plan may include Reach, Throw,
  Row and Go.

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2. Consider requesting divers early in an
incident.

• a. Victims at the surface may slip under the
  water before a surface rescue can be executed.
• b. Divers can only last so long before they need
  rehab. Keep the incident operating in rescue
  mode.

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8-1 Wilderness

• A. IntroductionIn 1956, the National Search and
  Rescue Plan was published. This plan established
  the United States Air Force as the executive
  agent for inland search and rescue, covering the
  continental United States, less the major
  navigable waterways.

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B. Four core elements in Wilderness SAR
operations.

• 1. Locate the victim
• 2. Reach the victim
• 3. Stabilize the victim
• 4. Evacuate the victim

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C. Seven (7) components that are used to complete
the elements of a SAR operation.

• 1. Pre-planning - The Organization and
  Management Guidelines. Includes call-out
  procedures / guidelines and equipment
  .2. Notification - We have to be notified of a
  problem before we can handle it. 3. Planning
  and Strategy - The process of gathering
  information so that an assessment can be done.
  4. Tactics - Type of response or solution to
  handle the problem.

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Seven (7) components that are used to complete
the elements of a SAR operation.

• 5. Operations - The field phase where the
  tactical solutions are carried out.
• 6. Suspension - Operation is discontinued.
• 7. Critique - Evaluation of the participants,
  methods and strategies.

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Resources that can be used for Wilderness Search
and Rescue.

• 1. Search dogs-cover more area in a shorter
  period of time than humans2. Trackers3. Aircraf
  t4. Ground air search specialist5. Rope rescue
  specialists6. Water rescue specialists7. Trench
  rescue specialist 8. Collapse building search

133
E. Calculating search urgency.

• Subject Profile
• Weather Profile
• Equipment Profile
• Subject Experience Profile
• Terrain and Hazards Profile
• History of Incidents in this area
• Bastard Search

134
WILDERNESS

• NOTE The lower the value of each factor and of
  the sum of all factors, the more urgent the
  situation. ( See Relative Urgency Rating Factors
  Sheet)

135
F. Three broad types of responses used dependant
on search urgency.

• 1. Emergency Response
• 2. Measured Response
• 3. Evaluative Response

136
1. Emergency Response

• Best on information, convinced death or serious
  injury could occur if help does not arrive.Blitz
  or Hasty Team - minimum number of experienced
  rescuers that sent out to locate the victim.
• This is followed by a support team with
  additional equipment. The margin of safety is
  fairly narrow and a perceptible amount of risk
  involved in the necessaryresponse.

137
2. Measured Response

• based on when appropriate information on hand is
  insufficient to dictate the exact outline of a
  search and rescue action plan.

138
3. Evaluative Response

• Occurs when the reported problem is unconfirmed
  or seems likely to resolve itself.

139
Lost person(s) report

• 1. This goal of interviewing and obtaining
  information from participant(s) or witnesses is
  to devise an effective course of action.2. Each
  person lost receives a file.

140
WILDERNESS

• a. Part I - Is information that is critical in
  determiningdecisions of the initiation phases of
  a search.
• b. Part II - May be significant later in the
  mission.

141
H. Four general hazards associated with
wilderness SAR operations.

• 1. Personal Hazards include blisters, scrapes,
  scratches, falls, blows, bruises, dehydration,
  and so forth.
• 2. Environmental Hazards include insect bites and
  stings, poisonous plants, exposure injuries,
  snow-blindness, altitude illness,lightning,
  sunburn, dangerous wildlife, and so forth.
• 3. Terrain Hazards include cliffs, avalanches,
  standing water (e.g., ponds, lakes), flat ice
  (e.g., ponds, lakes), moving water, caves, mines,
  wells, high winds, snow, coastal white water
  surf, and so forth.

142
WILDERNESS

• 4. Man-Made Hazards include booby-trapped stills
  and labs, hazardous materials dumps, trained
  attack dogs and so forth.

143
I. There are four basic means of establishing a
probable search area.

• 1. The Theoretical Method. The probable search
  area is generated in this method by using tables
  that express the area as a function of distance
  traveled by the lost subject. This necessitates
  a reliable determination of the Point Last Seen
  (PLS). The area's boundary is a circle drawn on
  the map centered on the PLS. The length of its
  radius is the maximum distance the victim could
  have journeyed in that terrain in the time
  elapsed since he was last seen.

144
2. The Statistical Method.

• Case studies of people in the wilderness
  provide the data for this method.

145
3. The Subjective Method.

• Historical data, intuition , the location of
  the natural barriers and clues, and consideration
  of the physical and mental limitations of the
  victim are taken into account.

146
4. The Mattson Method.

• Balances subjective and objective information
  and uses individual personnel to view their
  probable search area independently, then
  combining their percentage of where he/she thinks
  they are to the rest of the group. The total
  percentage from all personnel involved is added
  and the greatest percent is where the search will
  be started.

147
J. Three types of search tactics.

• 1. Type I (Detection Phase) - Hasty Teams
• 2. Type II - Open Grid is relatively fast,
  efficient search of locales of high probability
  using methods that produce the highest results
  per hour using search dogs, wide search patterns
  flow by aircraft, and open grid sweep searches
  This is three to seven searchers widely spaced at
  approx.. 300-600 feet.
• 3. Type III - Close Grid is compromised of
  approx.. thirty searchers walking in a line
  approx.. 15 to 20 feet apart. May be less for
  evidence recovery.

148
K. Initial Tasks of a First-in Company

• 1. Establish Incident Management System
• 2. Evaluate Search Urgency
• 3. Obtain Lost Persons Report
• 4. Determine Type of Response
• 5. Determine Available Resources
• 6. Determine Probable Search Area

149
Relative Urgency Rating Factors

• Factor Value
• Numeric Rating
• Subject Profile

150
Age

• Very Young 1 Very Old 1 Other 2-3

151
Medical Condition

• Known or suspected injured or
  ill 1-2 Healthy 3 Known Fatality 3

152
Number of Subjects

• One Alone 1 More than one (unless separation
  suspected) 2-3

153
Weather Profile

• Existing hazardous weather 1 Predicted
  hazardous weather (lt8 hours) 1-2 Predicted
  hazardous weather (gt8 hours) 2 No Hazardous
  weather predicted 3

154
Equipment Profile

• Inadequate for the environment 1 Questiona
  ble for the environment 1-2 Adequate for the
  environment 3

155
Subject Experience Profile

• Not Experienced, does not know area 1 Not
  experienced, knows area 1-2
• Experienced, not familiar with the
  area 2 Experienced, knows the area 3

156
Terrain and Hazards Profile

• Known hazardous terrain or other
  hazards 1 Few or no hazards 2-3 History
  of Incidents in this Area 1-3
• Bastard Search 2-3 SUM

157
Appropriate Response to Urgency Ratings

• Factor Sum Response 8-12 Emergency
  Response 13-18 Measure Response 19-24 Evaluated
  Response 25-27 Search Situation or Missing
  Person

158
9-1 Lost Person Check List

• NOTE File separate report for each person.
  Detailed answers are needed to identify clues
  when found in the field.
• Place none, NA, or unsure in blanks as
  appropriate.

159
Part I

• Information critical to immediate decisions and
  the initiation phases of a search. Record all of
  Part I information at the time of first notice of
  a lost or overdue person.Incident
  Number Date Time Report Taken By Name of
  Missing Person Hours Overdue Local
  Address Home Address Nicknames

160
Physical Description

• Age DOB Race Color Height
  Weight Build Hair Color Hair
  Length Sideburns Facial Hair Straight/Curly/Wa
  vy Balding Eye Color Facial Features
  Shape
  Complexion Any distinguishing marks, scars,
  tattoos General Appearance

161
Clothing

• Shirt, Sweater Style Color Coat Style Color Rain
  Gear Style Color Pants Style Color Gloves Style
  Color Glasses Style Color Shoes Style Color Ot
  her Clothing

162
Equipment

• Pack Style Brand Color
• Tent Style Brand Color
• Sleeping Bag Style Brand Color
• Food What Brands Amount
• Water Canteen Style Amount
• Flashlight Matches Knife Map

163
WILDERNESS

• Compass
• Ropes/Hardware
• Fishing Equipment
• Firearms Type Brand Ammo.
• Camera Brand
• Money Amount
• Snow Shoes Type Brand Binding Type
• Ice Axe Brand Cover
• Skis Brand Length Color

164
Trip Plans

• Going to Via Purpose How Long How many in
  group Group Affiliation Transportation Started
  at When Car located at Type of
  Car License Verified Alternate car at Type of
  Car License Verified Pick up/Return
  Time Where

165
Last Seen

• When Where By whom Present If not present,
  location Phone Going which way How long
  ago Special reason for leaving Unusual comments
  before leaving How long overdue

166
Contacts Person Would Make Upon Reaching
Civilization

• Home address Phone Anyone home Friend Home
  Address Phone Friend Home Address Phone

167
Health

• General Condition Physical Handicaps Medical
  Problems Psychological problems Any known
  external factors that could affect subjects
  behavior.

168
Medications

• Consequences without medication Eyesight
  without glasses

169
Actions Taken So Far

• By (Friends, Family) Actions
  Taken When

170
Part II

• Information that may be significant later in the
  incident. Can be obtained after initial actions
  are taken and further information on the subject
  is necessary.

171
Personality Habits

• Smoke How often Brand Drink Brand Drugs Type H
  obbies, interest Work Outgoing or
  quiet Evidence of leadership Religion Serious Fe
  eling towards adults What does the person value
  most

172
WILDERNESS

• Who is person closest to in the family Status
  in school/work Any recent letters Give up
  easy or keep going Where was person born and
  raised Any trouble with the law

173
For Children

• Afraid of what animals Afraid of Dark What
  training regarding to do when lost What are
  persons actions when hurt Talks to strangers
  accepts rides Active type or lethargic

174
For Groups Overdue

• Any person clashes in the group
• Any strong leaders
• What is the competitive spirit of the group
• What would actions be if separated
• Any persons especially close
• What is the experience of the leader and rest of
  group

175
Family

• (To Prevent Media/Press Complications)Fathers
  Occupation Parents separated/Divorced Families
  desire to employ special assistance Name,
  relationship, address, phone of contact relative
  if in good condition
• Name, relationship, address, phone of contact
  relative if in poor condition or dead.

176
9-1 Trench and Excavation

• A. A trench is an excavation that is deeper than
  it is wide and less then 15 feet wide. OSHA has
  published regulations dealing with trenches in 29
  CFR Part 1926. This standard regulates the
  construction and occupation of trenches over 5
  feet deep and shallower trenches with special
  hazards. Illinois Department of Labor (IDOL) has
  adopted 29 CFR 1926 as the state regulation.

177
OSHA

• OSHA requires that Escape routes, Air quality
  monitoring and other protective measures be
  utilized at all trench excavations.

178
C. Trench Hazards

• Secondary collapses are by far the most lethal
  hazard in trench rescues. Studies have shown that
  trench walls often collapse in less than 1/10th
  of a second and as many as 65 of all deaths in
  trench cave-ins are of would-be rescuers. This is
  because virtually all of the hazards associated
  with trench rescues are hidden from the untrained
  rescuer. Also, trench rescues are not common
  occurrences.

179
Trench Hazards

• 2. The four types of collapses are
• a. Slough-in
• b. Sidewall-in
• c. Shear-in
• d. Spoil-in

180
Trench Hazards

• 3. Trenches dug too deep or too wide, OSHA
  provides guidelines for the general construction
  of trenches up to 20 feet deep and 15 feet wide.
  Excavations beyond these dimensions require
  special engineering by a Registered Professional
  Engineer (RPE).

181
Trench Hazards

• 4. It is easy to get fooled into entering an
  unprotected trench to rescue a worker who has
  fallen, or is ill. Just because the fire
  department is there doesn't mean that the trench
  will remain intact while you make the rescue.

182
Trench Hazards

• 5. Rescues are usually long-term operations. Most
  rescues require as much as 4-10 hours to
  complete. Victims cannot merely be pulled-out
  from under the dirt, therefore, the victim must
  be completely uncovered before he can be removed
  from the trench. Equipment needed may be
  extensive and not commonly available.

183
Trench Hazards

• 6. Many other factors must be considered which
  will effect trench stability. In some cases the
  following factors must merely be taken into
  consideration, while others require specific
  remedies by OSHA.a. Exposure to the
  elementsb. Superimposed loadsc. Underground
  utilitiesd. Unsupported structures (surface
  encumbrances)e. Water i) Undermines trench
  walls causing collapseii) drowning hazard

184
Trench Hazards

• D. Soil Classification OSHA classifies soils as
  Class-A through Class-C. Class-A soil is the
  most stable, and will include some form of clay.
  Class-C soil is extremely unstable and will be
  comprised of either granular soils like sand, or
  wet soil of any type.

185
Trench

• 1. Trenches should be analyzed immediately after
  they are excavated, and should be re-analyzed
  periodically for any changes which have
  occurred.

186
Trench

• 2. Wet soils of any type are dangerous due to the
  added weight of the water, the loss of friction
  due to the moisture, and the mechanics of the
  movement of the water through the soil.
• 3. Layered soils. Trench walls will often expose
  layers of different soils.

187
Trench

• 4. Fissured soil. Fissures (cracks) which are
  visible in the trench walls or in the soil
  surrounding the trench can indicate soil which is
  likely to cave-in shortly.
• 5. Previously disturbed soils. The most stable
  soils are those which have gone undisturbed for
  thousands of years. Once the earth has been
  disturbed, it is impossible to return it to its
  original stability.

188
Trench

• Vibration is extremely destructive to trench
  stability. Vibration will speed-up the collapse
  of the walls, and will magnify any other factors,
  which are effecting he trench.
• 7. A single cubic foot of dirt can weigh as much
  as 145 lbs., and will average about 100 lbs. per
  square foot. A typical small cave-in involves
  about 1.5 cubic yards of dirt, or about 4,000
  lbs.

189
E. PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS.

• 1. OSHA provides three methods for protecting
  workers in trenches, sloping, shielding, and
  shoring. No worker is to enter a trench greater
  than 5 feet deep unless one of these protections
  is in place.

190
Sloping.

• Sloping involves cutting back the sides of a
  trench to an angle at which the earth will no
  longer slide. The angle, which is sought, is
  referred to as the "angle of repose" and is
  merely the angle at which the soil will no longer
  slide.

191
Shielding

• Shielding involves the use of extremely strong
  metal boxes, which have been engineered to
  withstand the pressure of the earth for the size
  trench that is being worked in. Shield will
  protect against moving dirt as long as they are
  properly in place. The shields must be above or
  even with the trench lip, and no more then 2 feet
  off the bottom.

192
Shoring

• c. Shoring is a method of protecting the worker
  by constructing a support system within the
  trench, which will pressurize the trench walls,
  enough to create "arches" of support, which will
  support the trench walls. These systems are NOT
  strong enough to stop moving dirt. They will only
  hold up dirt supported by the Arch effect.

193
Shoring systems

• 2. Shoring systems may be constructed with a
  variety of materials and may be constructed in a
  variety of configurations. System contains
  crossbraces and uprights. Additional elements are
  added to strengthen the system, these beam-like
  members are called walers. Most of these
  materials are not available at your local
  lumberyard.

194
Timber

• 3. OSHA provides charts for timber shoring and
  hydraulic shoring for dry trenches up to 15 feet
  wide and 20 feet deep. Beyond these dimensions,
  or when special conditions exit, the shoring
  system must be designed by a registered
  professional engineer, or the system must be
  constructed in accordance with the manufacturers
  tabulated data.

195
TRENCH

• 4. In general, the weaker, deeper and wide the
  trench is the stronger and more numerous the
  shoring members must be.

196
TRENCH

• 5. Additional regulations for worker safety. In
  addition to the regulations for insuring trench
  stability, OSHA also regulates many other
  conditions, which may pose hazards to workers.

197
INITIAL COMPANY OPERATIONS

• 1. The typical first-in company will not have
  trained trench rescue personnel on-board, much
  less the proper equipment to perform a rescue.
  Initial response personnel can still perform
  vital tasks, which will serve to speed-up the
  rescue, protect the victim, or eliminate the need
  for rescue or recovery operations.

198
INITIAL COMPANY OPERATIONS

• 2. Some non-entry options that are available
  area. Place a ladder into the trench for the
  victims to get out themselves.

199
INITIAL COMPANY OPERATIONS

• 3. Activate a trench rescue response plan as soon
  as a trench rescue request has been received.
  Time is of the essence, as secondary collapses
  are likely to occur shortly after the initial
  collapse, and will likely eliminate the chances
  for a rescue.

200
INITIAL COMPANY OPERATIONS

• 4. As in all emergency responses, an Incident
  Command System or Incident Management System must
  be put into effect.

201
INITIAL COMPANY OPERATIONS

• 5. Do not allow personnel into an unprotected
  trench. Don't let tunnel vision risk your
  personnel. Remember that secondary collapses are
  likely to occur quickly potentially trapping any
  rescuers.

202
INITIAL COMPANY OPERATIONS

• 6. Stop sources of vibration. Vibration
  contributes significantly to the likelihood of
  further collapses. Eliminate sources of
  vibrations by stopping traffic for at least 300
  feet. Do not allow the use of heavy equipment.

203
INITIAL COMPANY OPERATIONS

• 7. Set-up control zones limit access to the
  trench. 8. Set up ground pads to ensure that
  the rescuers are standing on stable
  ground.9. Move to spoil pile from the trench
  area. (2 feet or more) If any hazards are
  present, do not place any rescuers in harms way
  just to move some dirt.

204
INITIAL COMPANY OPERATIONS

• 10. Try to locate the victim's position.
  Approach the trench from the ends to perform a
  reconnaissance of the victims location and
  condition. As soon as possible, one or more
  ladders should be placed in the trench to provide
  a quick exit should someone accidentally fall
  in.

205
INITIAL COMPANY OPERATIONS

• 11. If the victim is visible, mark his position
  in relation to the trench walls by scoring the
  ground on either side of the trench.
• 12. If the victim cannot be seen, get the best
  information you can from his co-workers regarding
  his last position. Mark this position.

206
INITIAL COMPANY OPERATIONS

• 13. Prepare for expected injuries. Many types of
  injuries are found in victims who have been
  trapped in cave-ins. Be prepared to handle the
  followinga. Open and closed fracturesb. Lung
  injuriesc. Head injuriesd. Spinal
  injuriese. Injury due to lack of
  oxygenf. Hypothermiag. Crush syndrome

207
10-1 Overview of all rescue situations

• A. Structural Collapse
• B. Rope
• C. Confined Space
• D. Vehicle and Machinery
• E. Water
• F. Wilderness
• G. Trench and Excavation

208
NOW FOR A SHORT TEST

• You have completed all the requirements as
  established by the OSFM and the steering
  committee.
• I congratulate you taking this course to better
  yourself and the entire fire service.
• Thanks for being here.

209
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