Biology of Aging

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Biology of Aging

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Biology of Aging

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• Maintenance and repair theory
• ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ? ????????? ??????????
• Evolutionary theory of aging
• ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????????
• Free radical theory
• Glucose cross-linking theory
• Telomere theory
• ??? ????? ???? ???????, ????? ????????? ???????
  ?????????
• Caloric restriction
• Dietary supplements
• Exercise
• ??? ????? ???????????? ??????? ???????
  ??????????? ??????? ???? ? ??????? ?????????

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• Maintenance and repair theory.
• ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????????? ??? ????
• ???? 2 ????
• ?????? 11 ???
• ???? 75 80 ???
• ???????? gt 30 ???
• ??????? gt 75 ???
• Rockfish gt150 years
• Bristle cone pine trees gt5000 years
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristlecone_pine
• Rock fish vs. other fish
• http//www.vanaqua.org/conservationinaction/rockfi
  sh/magnificent.htm

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2. ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ? ????????
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  Island

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• Organisms are purposely designed and genetically
  programmed to age or otherwise limit life span
  because the deterioration and life span
  limitation
• serves an evolutionary purpose.
• Aging is an adaptation, a purposeful design
  feature resulting from the evolution process.
• Aging is the result of a potentially complex
  active aging mechanism or lifespan management
  system. The mechanism could sense external
  conditions in order to adapt life span to local
  or temporary conditions and could operate by
  manipulating the maintenance and repair functions.

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3. ??????, ??????????? ??????? ????????

• ?????? ????????? ?????????
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• ? ???????? ??????? ??? ????????????? ? ????????
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  ???????? ???????? ? ?????????? ??????? ?
  ?????????? ?????????, ??? ???????? ? ???????????
  ?.?. ????????? ????????? O2-, (superoxide
  radicals), ??????? ??????????, ????? ????????
  ??????????? ?????? ????????
• Superoxide radicals ????? ????????? ? ?????????
  ????? ????????, ?????????? ? ???? ? ???????

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• In general, harmful effects of reactive oxygen
  species on the cell are most often
• damage of DNA
• oxidations of polydesaturated fatty acids in
  lipids
• oxidations of amino acids in proteins
• oxidatively inactivate specific enzymes by
  oxidation of co-factors

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• ?????? ?? ????????? ????????? ????
• SOD and Catalase (SOD superoxide
  dismutase)
• There are three major families of superoxide
  dismutase, depending on the metal cofactor Cu/Zn
  (which binds both copper and zinc), Fe and Mn
  types (which bind either iron or manganese), and
  the Ni type, which binds nickel.
• Vitamins C and E

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• SOD converts the superoxide radical to hydrogen
  peroxide
• SOD-Cu1 O2- 2 H ? H2O2 SOD-Cu2
• Catalase deactivates hydrogen peroxide
• 2 H2O2 ? 2 H2O O2
• If not deactivated, H2O2 moves to the nucleus of
  the cell where iron ions catalyze the production
  of hydroxyl radicals
• H2O2 ? 2 o OH
• Hydroxyl radical Via a redox chain reaction it
  destroys DNA and most everything around it !!

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????????? ????-?????????

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  etc
• Up-regulate one of the three types of SOD MnSOD
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  ??????????

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• Glucose cross-linking theory
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• (???GGG)n
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• Transposons are sequences of DNA that can move or
  transpose themselves to new positions within the
  genome of a single cell. The mechanism of
  transposition can be either "copy and paste" or
  "cut and paste".
• ??????????? ???????????????? ? ??????? ???????????

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• Temporary increase in lifespan would help a group
  survive a famine ???????????? ????????????
• Suggests an active aging mechanism that can sense
  the caloric conditions and adjust life span in
  response.
• Efforts also underway to develop a mimetic that
  would simulate the
• biochemical effect of caloric estriction without
  restricting calories.

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  Harrison on Line

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• Caloric restriction
• ???????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????????????
  ????????, ??? ??? ??????????? ?????????????????
  ?????.
• Caloric restriction (CR) extends the lifespan of
  most mammalian species, delays the onset of
  multiple age-related diseases, and attenuates
  both the degree of oxidative damage and the
  associated decline in physiological functions.
• Dietary supplements
• ????????, ?????????? ????-?????????
• Exercise
• ???????????? ?? ????? - http//blog.nimdiet.com/20
  11/02/regular-exercise-can-delay-aging.html

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How can high levels of cognitive function be
maintained as we age?

• ??????????, ??? ? ??????????, ??????????
• ???????? ????? ?????
• ?????? ??? ???????
• Have a flexible personality Dont try to change
  the things you cant control
• ?.?. ?? ?????????? ???????? ??, ??? ?? ?? ?????
  ??????????????

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• Science. 2010 Apr 16328(5976)321-6.
• Extending healthy life span--from yeast to
  humans.
• Fontana L, Partridge L, Longo VD.

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Fig. 1 Experiments on dietary restriction (DR)
and genetic or chemical alteration of
nutrient-sensing pathways have been performed on
a range of model organisms.
Published by AAAS
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Fig. 3 Expanded Web version A model for the
conserved nutrient signaling pathways that
regulate longevity in various organisms and
mammals.
L Fontana et al. Science 2010328321-326
Published by AAAS
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• in mice nutrients increase the level of IGF-1
  (???????????????? ?????? ????? 1), which, in
  turn, activates pro-aging pathways in various
  mammalian cells
• Dietary restriction partially inactivates one or
  several nutrients signaling pathways, thereby
  causing life-span extension in model organisms.

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