BIOLOGY

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BIOLOGY

• First Semester
• Review

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• Study Tips
• Refer to the review sheet.
• 2. Organize your assignments.
• 3. Highlight learning targets.
• 4. Make flash cards for vocab.
• 5. Review this ppt. on-line
• 6. Study longer then you want to.
• 7. Get a good nights sleep.
• 8. Eat healthy.

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Introduction to Biology

• Unit Target Explore ways in which biologists
  use specific methods and tools to investigate
  questions and report their finding about living
  things.

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Learning Target Define the following key terms.
(knowledge)

• Biology is the study of
• a. the interaction of matter
• b. land, air and water
• c. living things
• d. motion
• c.

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• Scientific Method an experiment in which
• only 1 variable is changed
• Controlled experiment
• responding variable
• Independent variable
• a series of steps used
• Dependent variable to solve a problem
• Quantitative Data A measurement
• Qualitative Data a deliberately changed
• variable
• Descriptive data

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• A well-tested explanation that unifies a broad
  range of observations and hypotheses is known as
  a
• Hypothesis
• Experiment
• Conclusion
• Theory
• D. Theory

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Learning Target Given an example, identify the
steps of the scientific method. (reasoning)

• Problem, Hypothesis, Experiment, Data or
  Conclusion?
• Add 10 mL of soap to the extraction solution.
• Experiment
• The DNA is white, flexible and stringy.
• Data

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• Problem, Hypothesis, Experiment, Data or
  Conclusion?
• How can DNA be extracted from a cell?
• Problem
• DNA is extracted by breaking the cell wall,
  dissolving the cell membrane and precipitating it
  with alcohol.
• Conclusion

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Learning Target Evaluate a controlled
experiment. (skill)

• Students wanted to know if the temperature of the
  school pond varied each hour of the day. In a 24
  hour period they took the temperature of the pond
  at the beginning of each hour and recorded their
  results.
• What is the independent variable?
• Time of day
• What is the dependent variable?
• Temperature of the pond

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• Explain the importance of controls in an
  experiment.
• They allow us to determine what variable is
  responsible for causing the results.

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What is the independent variable? Exercise What
is the dependent variable? Heart rate What are
the units? Beats per minute Is this quantitative
data? Yes
Comparison of Heart Rate Before and After Exercise
Group Heart Rate Before Exercise (Beats Per Minute) Heart Rate After Exercise (Beats Per Minute)
1 65 110
2 60 100
3 70 120
Avg. 65 110
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• How would you improve this graph?
• Title More informative, Never use I.
• Y axis- Label

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What is the independent variable on this
graph? Days Is the x axis represented by
Degrees in Fahrenheit or Days? Days On what day
did the temperature reach 50 degrees? Day 3
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BIOCHEMISTRY

• Unit Target Use models to explain how the
  structures of organisms help them to perform
  lifes functions.

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Learning Target Define the following key
terms. (knowledge)

• The basic unit of matter is the
• a. cell
• b. atom
• c. molecule
• d. compound
• b. atom

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State the charge of each atomic particle.

• Proton
• Neutron
• Electron

• Positive
• Neutral
• Negative

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Which bond is ionic and which bond is covalent?
Covalent- atoms share electrons
Ionic- atoms gain or lose electrons forming ions
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Water

• What is the chemical formula for water?
• H2O
• Why is water a polar molecule?
• Electrons spend more time around the O atom
  making it slightly more - than the hydrogen
  atoms.

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Match the organic molecule with its importance in
living things.

• Carbohydrate
• Protein
• Lipid
• Nucleic Acid

• Stores genetic information and forms proteins
• Stores short term energy
• Stores long term energy
• Makes up many of the structures of the body
  including skin and muscle.

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• Truth or Baloney? Correct the underlined word if
  the statement is baloney.
• An enzyme is a protein.
• True
• Enzymes are living molecules.
• Baloney- organic
• Enzymes help slow down chemical reactions in
  living things.
• Baloney- speed up

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Identify the reactants and products in the
following equation.

• CO2 H2O -------------?C6H12O6 O2
• sunlight
• REACTANTS PRODUCTS

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Learning Target Relate the structure of water
to its function. (reasoning) Cohesion a. A
film formed on the surface
of water due to polar
bonding Adhesion b. Attraction of water
molecules to each other Capillary
Action c. A slow change in
temperature. Surface Tension
d. Movement of water
up a tube Temperature moderation due to
adhesion and cohesion e. Attraction
of water molecule
to another
substance
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Learning Target Interpret data to determine how
the structure of food is related to its energy
content. (skill)
Food Carbs Protiens Lipids Calories
Chicken noodle soup 17g 5g .5g 90
Apple 17g 0g 0g 65
Which food would supply you with the most energy
per serving? Chicken noodle soup How do you
know? It contains more calories therefore more
energy
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Which food had the greatest change in
temperature? Peanut- more energy (heat) was
released, high fat content What is the dependant
variable? Temperature
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Cells

• Unit Target Use models to explain how the
  structures of organisms help them to perform
  lifes functions.

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Learning Target State the cell theory.
(knowledge)

• A(n) ______________ is the basic unit of all
  living things that can carry out all the
  functions of a living thing.
• a. atom
• b. organ
• c. macromolecule
• d. cell
• Answer d

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Which of the following is a component of the cell
theory? a. all living things are made of
cells b. atoms are the basic unit of structure
and function in an organism c.
new cells are produced from existing
atoms d. cells can move Answer a
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Does the cell theory apply to all living
things? yes
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• What type of cell is small and does not have a
  nucleus to hold the genetic material- prokaryotic
  or eukaryotic?
• Prokaryotic cell

What type of cell is larger in size, has complex
structures and a nucleus to hold the genetic
material- prokaryotic or eukaryotic? eukaryotic
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Which cell is a prokaryotic cell?
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Learning Target Label cell organelles in
diagrams of plant and animal cells. (knowledge)
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5
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2
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1
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9
10
12
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Learning Target Investigate how the structure
of cell organelles relate to their specific
function. (reasoning)
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mitochondria a. controls what goes in and out
of Golgi apparatus the cell nucleus b.
stores nutrients and water cell membrane c.
control center of the cell genetic material d.
stores instructions for cell activities vacuole
e. place where proteins are made ribosome k.
produces energy for the cell cell wall l.
produces and stores RNA lysosome m. a system of
tubes that transports endoplasmic reticulum
proteins nucleolus n. uses enzymes to break
down macromolecules o. modifies,
sorts and packages proteins p.
support and protection for a plant cell
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Learning Target Relate the structure of the
cell membrane to its function of maintaining
homeostasis with a cell. (reasoning)
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• Cell membranes control which substances pass in
  and out of the cell. This is known as selective
  permeability.
• Why is selective permeability important?
• It gives the cell rigidity
• It helps the cell maintain homeostasis.
• It controls the functions of the cell
• It helps the cell break down wastes.
• b.

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There are two ways substances can move across a
cell membrane- active transport or passive
transport. Which way does not require
energy? Passive transport. Is this an example
of passive transport? The movement of Na ions
across the concentration gradient. No- this
would require energy because the ions are trying
to move from low to high concentrations.
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Match each description with the method substances
use to move across the cell membrane

• Diffusion
• Facilitated Diffusion
• Na/K Pumps
• Osmosis
• Endocytosis
• Exocytosis

• Cell engulfs substances
• Diffusion of water
• Proteins use energy
• Movement of substances from high to low
  concentrations

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Which column represents passive transport
mechanisms and which column represents active
transport mechanism?

• Diffusion
• Facilitated diffusion
• Osmosis

• Na/K pumps
• Endocytosis
• Exocytosis

Passive- Active- no energy required energy
required
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Learning Target Identify key ideas presented in
an opposing viewpoint article on stem cells.
(skill)

• Stem cells
• Include the fertilized egg and the cells produced
  during the first few divisions.
• Are unspecialized
• Are totipotent (can become any type of cell in
  the body).
• All of the above
• d.

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Truth or Baloney Stem cells are currently used
to cure diseases such as leukemia. True An
ethical issue associated with using totipotent
stem cells is that an embryo is destroyed in the
process. True
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Cell Reproduction

• Unit Target Observe how the structure and
  function of organisms change as they grow and
  develop.

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Learning Target Define the following key terms.
(K)

• Circle the best answer.
• The series of steps a cell goes through as it
  grows and develops is called
• ( the cell cycle / mitosis )

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• Cells that divide by a process called binary
  fission are
• ( prokaryotes / eukaryotes ).
• The division of nuclear material that results in
  2 identical daughter cells is called
• (mitosis / meiosis ).

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• Genetic information is bundled into packages of
  DNA known as
• ( daughter cells / chromosomes ).
• Reproduction that results in the formation of
  gametes is called
• (asexual reproduction / sexual reproduction ).

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• The (surface area / volume ) is how much space an
  object takes up in two dimensions and (surface
  area / volume ) is how much space an object takes
  up in three dimensions.

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Describe the structure of eukaryotic chromosomes
and their behavior during the stages of the cell
cycle. (knowledge)

• How is the prokaryotic chromosome different from
  the eukaryotic chromosome?
• It is circular
• It is not in a nucleus

Prokaryotic cell
Eukaryotic cell
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The cell cycle stage in which the cell grows and
prepares for division by copying the DNA is
called _________________. Interphase
The stage of the cell cycle in which the nuclear
material divides _____________ Mitosis
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Name each phase of mitosis.
1
2
3
4
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Cytokinesis is division of the cells
____________. Cytoplasm
Truth or Baloney? Cytokinesis results in two
daughter cells with identical genetic
material. True
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DLT State the purpose of cell reproduction. (K)

• Which is not a reason for cell reproduction?
• Growth
• Repair
• Replacement of old cells
• To increase volume
• d

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Learning Target Explain the problems in
maintaining homeostasis associated with
increasing cell size. (reasoning)
Which of the following is a demand placed on
large cells? a. DNA information crisis b.
Ability to transport nutrients c. Ability to
remove wastes d. All of the above d.
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If the cubes to the right represent cells, which
cell would have the best change of having
nutrients diffuse to inner organelles? The
smallest cell because the nutrients have less
distance to travel.
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During the Tootsie Roll Analogy What did the
Tootsie Roll represent? Nutrients What did the
last person in the row represent? A cell
organelle What did the candy wrapper
represent? Waste How did the waste leave the
cell? Through the cell membrane
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• What was concluded from the Tootsie Roll
  Analogy?
• Larger cells are more likely to receive nutrients
  and get rid of wastes more efficiently.
• Small cells are more likely to receive nutrients
  and get rid of wastes more efficiently.
• Cell size is unimportant in regard to receiving
  nutrients and eliminating wastes.
• B

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Compare or combine data from 2 different data
tables. (skill)

• According to both graphs the longest phase of the
  cell cycle is?
• Interphase

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Genetics

• Unit Target Model ways in which characteristics
  of one generation relate to the next generation.

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Define the following key terms. (knowledge)
Which word best matches the description?

• Genotype
• Phenotype

• Tall pea plants

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• Dominant trait
• Recessive trait

• 75 of the offspring have this trait.

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• Homozygous
• Heterozygous

• RR

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• Hybrid
• Purebred

• Offspring of crosses between parents with
  different traits.

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• Diploid
• Haploid

• Number of cells in a gamete.

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• Gene
• Allele

• The factors that are passed from parent to
  offspring.

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• Meiosis
• Crossing-over

• The process in which the number of chromosomes
  per cell is cut in half.

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Learning Target Describe Gregor Mendels
experiments and the conclusions that he drew from
them. (knowledge)

• Which of the following are conclusions made by
  Mendel?
• Genes are passed from one generation to the next.
• Some alleles are dominant and others are
  recessive.
• During gamete formation, alleles segregate from
  each other so that each gamete only carries a
  single copy of each gene.
• Genes for different traits can segregate
  independently during the formation of gametes.
• All are conclusion reached by Mendel

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Match each of Mendels conclusion with a
description.

• Principal of
• Dominance
• Principal of
• Segregation
• Principal of
• Independent Assortment

• During gamete formation the alleles for each
  trait separate.
• Some alleles are dominant and some are recessive.
• Genes for different traits segregate without
  dependence on any other trait.

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Learning Target Compare and contrast the
processes and products of mitosis and meiosis. (R)
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Use the picture on the previous page to answer
the following questions.

• Which cell division results in 2 identical cells?
• Mitosis
• Which process requires two divisions?
• Meiosis
• What does 2N refer to?
• Mitosis results in cells that are diploid (having
  a full set of chromosomes)

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Learning Target Demonstrate how the genotypes
and phenotypes of offspring may be predicted
using Punnett squares. (R)

• What is the genotype of the parents?
• Bb
• What is the phenotype ratio of the offspring?
• 75 Purple 25 White

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How do you use a test cross to determine the
genotype of a parent?

• What is the genotype of the white flower?
• pp
• What are the two possible genotypes of the purple
  flower?
• Pp and PP
• If the offspring are white the genotype of the
  parent must be?
• Pp

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DNA

• Unit Target Explain why individuals of the same
  species vary in how they look, function and
  behave.

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Learning Target Compare and contrast the
structures and function of DNA and RNA. (K)

• DNA or RNA?
• Made of
• Phosphate group
• Deoxyribose
• Nitrogen bases
• DNA

• DNA or RNA?
• Made of
• Phosphate group
• Ribose
• Nitrogen bases
• RNA

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• DNA or RNA?
• Nitrogen bases include
• C G A T
• DNA

• DNA or RNA?
• Shape is a double helix
• DNA

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• DNA or RNA?
• Undergoes replication.
• DNA

• DNA or RNA?
• Is transcribed.
• RNA

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Learning Target Explain and model how the
information contained in DNA is copied. (R)

• DNA is unzipped by an enzyme called
• DNA polymerase
• Helicase
• RNA polymerase
• B.

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• Truth or baloney?
• DNA replication occurs in the nucleus.
• True
• DNA replication occurs during mitosis.
• Baloney- during interphase
• DNA replication allows daughter cells to obtain
  the same genetic information.
• True
• DNA replication is semi-conservative.
• True- one old and one new strand

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Learning Target Use a diagram to model the
roles of molecules and cell structures in protein
synthesis. (skill)
Nucleus mRNA Ribosome tRNA anticodon Codon mRNA
A B C D E F G
What is asparagine? An amino acid
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Learning Target Use the genetic code to
construct a proteins amino acid sequence. (skill)

• DNA CGA TTC
• mRNA? GCU AAG
• Polypeptide chain?
• Alanine-lysine

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Learning Target Explain Biologys Central
Dogma. (knowledge)

• Truth or Baloney?
• Biologys central dogma refers to the flow of
  information through a cell.
• True