Sympathetic Nervous System

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Sympathetic Nervous System

• Molly Fiser
• Michael Banta
• Landon Reynolds
• Justin Mosteller

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What is sympathetic nervous system?

• The sympathetic nervous system is a division of
  the autonomic nervous system responsible for
  fight or flight reactions primarily
  concerned with the elevation of metabolic rate
  and increased alertness.
• Ex adrenaline rush. Being crushed under a 2 ton
  boulder. Your body will know it is in danger and
  adrenaline will be released to give your body the
  strength it needs to lift the boulder off of
  yourself.

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Functions

• Maintain normal digestive tract contractions and
  secretions.
• Maintain the normal tone of smooth muscle.
• Maintaining blood pressure.
• Fight or Flight- The bodys response to
  emergency situations that induce high stress
  levels.
• Serves as the defense mechanism against stress.

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What triggers it?

• Sympathetic neurons communicate with peripheral
  sympathetic neurons through the ganglia.
• They join together through chemical synapses.
• During the synapse the preganglionic sumpathetic
  neurons realease ACh. The ACh binds to and
  activates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
• In response to the stimulus, the postganglionic
  neurons release norepinephrine.
• This prolonged activation releases adrenaline
  from the adrenal medulla.
• Once released the adrenaline and norepinephrine
  bind together, which causes the effects seen
  during the flight or flight response.

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Epi-Pen

• The epi in epi-pen stands for epinephrine also
  known more commonly as adrenaline.
• When injecting your self you stimulate your 4
  major receptors causing a fight of flight
  syndrome.
• This adrenaline rush will suppress your immune
  system, causes a higher blood supply, helps
  breathing, and stops bladder contraction.
• All these factors help with allergies and
  allergic reactions, which may save your life.

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Effect on body!

• Dilates pupil in eye.
• Inhibits salivary gland secretion.
• Relaxes bronchi in lungs.
• Accelerates heart.
• Inhibits activity of stomach and intestines.
• Stimulates glucose release from liver inhibits
  gallbladder.
• Stimulates adrenal medulla.
• Inhibits emptying of bladder.
• Promotes ejaculation and vaginal contractions.

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Adrenaline

• Adrenaline is a hormone produced by the adrenal
  gland. When it is produced in the body it
  stimulates the heart rate, dilates blood vessels
  and air passages. Its naturally produced in high
  stress or physically exhilarating situations.

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Receptors

• Alpha receptors-
• alpha-1 The result is the release of
  intracellular calcium ions from reserves in the
  endoplasmic reticulum.
• alpha-2 Has an inhibitory effect on the cell.
• Beta receptors-
• beta-1 Increase in heart rate and force of
  contraction in the heart. Increase in metabolic
  activity in skeletal.
• beta-2 Create a relaxation of smooth muscle.

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Sources

• McGuigan, Brenden. (2009, December 01). What is
  Adrenaline?.
• Retrieved from http//www.wisegeek.com/what-i
  s-adrenaline.htm
• Martini, F. H. (1995). Fundamentals of anatomy
  and physiology.
• Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey Prentice Hall.
  
• Campbell, Neil, Reece, Jane. (2009). Biology.
  Benjamin Cummings Pub Co.
• Armbruster, David, Musker, Frank, Irwin, Leslie,
  Anthony, Catherine,
• Thibodeau, Gary. (1987). Textbook of
  anatomy physiology.
• Times Mirror Magazine.
• Sympathetic nervous system. (2009). Retrieved
  from http//www.sciencedaily.com/articles/s/sympat
  hetic_nervous_system.htm