Human Anatomy, First Edition McKinley

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Human Anatomy, First EditionMcKinley O'Loughlin

• Chapter 1 Lecture Outline A First Look at
  Anatomy

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A First Look at Anatomy

• Anatomy is the study of structure.
• The word anatomy is derived from Greek and means
  to cut up or to cut open.
• Anatomists examine the relationships among parts
  of the body along with the structure of
  individual organs.

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Introduction to Anatomy

• Physiology
• The scientific discipline that studies the
  function of body structures.
• Structure and function cannot be completely
  separated.
• Form is related to function.

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Levels of Organization in the Human Body

• The simplest level of organization within the
  body is the chemical level, which is composed of
  atoms and molecules.
• Atoms are the smallest units of matter.

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Levels of Organization in the Human Body

• Molecules
• Two or more atoms combine to form a molecule,
  such as a protein, a water molecule, or a
  vitamin.
• Macromolecules
• Larger and more complex molecules such as DNA and
  proteins.

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Levels of Organization in the Human Body

• At the cellular level, specialized structural and
  functional units called organelles permit all
  living cells to share some common functions.

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Levels of Organization in the Human Body

• Large molecules join in specific ways to form
  cells, the basic units of structure and function
  in organisms.
• The cell is the smallest structural unit that
  exhibits the characteristics of living things
  (organisms), and it is the smallest living
  portion of the human body.

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Levels of Organization in the Human Body

• Tissues
• Groups of similar cells with a common function
  form tissue.
• Tissues are precise organizations of similar
  cells that perform specialized functions.

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Levels of Organization in the Human Body

• Organs
• Different tissue types that work together to
  perform specific, complex functions form an
  organ.
• Organ Systems
• The organ system level consists of related organs
  that work together to coordinate activities and
  achieve a common function.
• There are 11 organ systems in the human body.

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Levels of Organization in the Human Body

• Organism
• All body systems function interdependently in a
  single living human being, the organism.

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The Four Types of Tissues in the Human Body
Are

• Epithelial tissue covers exposed surfaces and
  lines body cavities.
• Example The inner lining of the digestive
  system

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The Four Types of Tissues

• Connective tissue protects, supports, and
  interconnects body parts and organs.
• Can be solid (such as bone), liquid (such as
  blood), or intermediate (such as cartilage).

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The Four Types of Tissues

• Muscle tissue produces movement.
• Skeletal muscle
• Smooth muscle
• Cardiac muscle

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The Four Types of Tissues

• Nervous tissue conducts impulses for internal
  communication.
• Brain, spinal cord, and nerves

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Integumentary

• Provides protection
• Regulates body temperature
• Site of cutaneous receptors
• Synthesizes vitamin D
• Prevents water loss

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Skeletal

• Provides support and protection
• Site of hematopoeisis (blood cell production)
• Stores calcium and phosphorus
• Allows for body movement

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Muscular

• Produces body movement
• Generates heat when muscles contract

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Nervous

• A regulatory system that controls body movement
• Responds to sensory stimuli
• Helps control all other systems of the body
• Also responsible for consciousness, intelligence,
  memory

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Endocrine

• Consists of glands and cell clusters that secrete
  hormones, some of which regulate
• body and cellular growth
• chemical levels in the body
• reproductive functions

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Cardiovascular

• Consists of a pump (the heart) that moves blood
  through blood vessels in order to distribute
  hormones, nutrients, gases, and pick up waste
  products

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Lymphatic

• Transports and filters lymph (interstitial fluid)
  
• Initiates an immune response when necessary

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Respiratory

• Responsible for exchange of gases (oxygen and
  carbon dioxide) between blood and the air in the
  lungs

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Digestive

• Mechanically and chemically digests food
  materials
• Absorbs nutrients
• Expels waste products

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Urinary

• Filters the blood and removes waste products from
  the blood
• Concentrates waste products in the form of urine,
  and expels urine from the body

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Male Reproductive System

• Produces male sex cells (sperm) and male hormones
  (e.g., testosterone)
• Transfers sperm to the female

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Female Reproductive System

• Produces female sex cells (oocytes) and female
  hormones (e.g., estrogen and progesterone)
• Receives sperm from male
• Site of fertilization of oocyte
• Site of growth and development of embryo and
  fetus

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AnatomicalTerminology

• Anatomic position is a specific body position in
  which an individual stands upright with the feet
  parallel and flat on the floor.
• The head is level, and the eyes look forward
  toward the observer.
• The arms are at either side of the body with the
  palms facing forward and the thumbs pointing away
  from the body.

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Anatomical Terminology

• A plane is an imaginary surface that slices the
  body into specific sections.
• The three major anatomic planes of reference are
  the coronal, transverse, and sagittal planes.

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Sectionsand Planes

• A coronal plane, also called a frontal plane,
  is a vertical plane that divides the body into
  anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts.

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Sectionsand Planes

• A transverse plane, also called a cross-sectional
  plane or horizontal plane, cuts perpendicularly
  along the long axis of the body or organ
  separating it into both superior (upper) and
  inferior (lower) parts.

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Sectionsand Planes

• A sagittal plane or median plane, extends through
  the body or organ vertically and divides the
  structure into right and left halves.

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Sections and Planes

• A sagittal plane in the body midline is a
  midsagittal plane.
• A plane that is parallel to the midsagittal
  plane, but either to the left or the right of it,
  is termed a parasagittal (or sagittal) plane.
• A minor plane, called the oblique plane, passes
  through the specimen at an angle.

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Directional Terms of the Body

• Directional terms are precise and brief, and for
  most of them there is a correlative term that
  means just the opposite.

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Relative and Directional Terms of the Body

• Relative to front (belly side) or back (back
  side) of the body
• Anterior In front of toward the front surface
  
• Posterior In back of toward the back surface
  
• Dorsal At the back side of the human body
• Ventral At the belly side of the human body
  

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Relative and Directional Terms of the Body

• Relative to the head or tail of the body
• Superior Toward the head or above
• Inferior Toward feet not head
• Caudal At the rear or tail end
• Cranial At the head end

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Relative and Directional Terms of the Body

• Relative to the midline or center of the body
• Medial Toward the midline of the body
• Lateral Away from the midline of the body
• Deep On the inside, underneath another
  structure
• Superficial On the outside

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Relative and Directional Terms of the Body

• Relative to point of attachment of the appendage
  
• Proximal Closest to point of attachment to
  trunk
• Distal Furthest from point of attachment to
  trunk

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Body Regions

• The human body is partitioned into two main
  regions, called the axial and appendicular
  regions.
• the axial region includes the head, neck, and
  trunk which comprise the main vertical axis of
  our body
• our limbs, or appendages, attach to the bodys
  axis and make up the appendicular region

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Body Cavitiesand Membranes

• The posterior aspect of the body has two enclosed
  cavities
• A cranial cavity is formed by the cranium and
  houses the brain.
• A vertebral canal is formed by the individual
  bones of the vertebral column and contains the
  spinal cord.

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Body Cavities

• Both the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are
  lined with thin serous membranes, which are
  composed of two layers
• A parietal layer lines the internal surface of
  the body wall.
• A visceral layer covers the external surface of
  organs (viscera) within the cavity.
• Between the parietal and visceral layers of the
  serous membrane is a thin serous cavity,
  containing a lubricating film of serous fluid.

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Body Cavities and Membranes

• Constant movement of the organs causes friction.
• The serous fluid reduces friction and helps the
  organs move smoothly against both one another and
  the body wall.

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Body Cavities and Membranes

• The median space in the thoracic cavity is called
  the mediastinum.
• It contains the heart, thymus, esophagus,
  trachea, and major blood vessels that connect to
  the heart.

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Body Cavities and Membranes

• Within the mediastinum, the heart is enclosed by
  a two-layered serous membrane called the
  pericardium.

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Insert Fig 1.9d
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The Thoracic Cavity

• The right and left sides of the thoracic cavity
  contain the lungs they are lined by a
  two-layered serous membrane called the pleura.
• The outer layer is the parietal pleura it lines
  the internal surface of the thoracic wall
• The inner layer is the visceral pleura it covers
  the external surface of the lung
• The narrow, moist, potential space between them
  is called the pleural cavity

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Abdominopelvic Cavity

• The abdominopelvic cavity consists of an
  abdominal cavity and a pelvic cavity.

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The Abdominopelvic Cavity

• The peritoneum is a moist, two-layered serous
  membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity.

Insert figure 1.9d
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Abdominopelvic Regions

• The abdominopelvic cavity is partitioned into 9
  smaller, imaginary compartments.