Developments in Electrical Power Systems

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What is going on in Electricity Land?

• Developments in Electrical Power Systems

Prof. Lou van der SluisElectrical Power Systems
Laboratory TU Delft
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Introduction

• Our society is powered by energy and information
• A society without electricity is unthinkable
• Electrical Engineering the practical
  application of electricity
• What is electricity?

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The Four Forces of Nature

• The strong force
• The weak force
• The gravitational force
• The electromagnetic force

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The History of Electricity

• Gilbert
• Von Guericke
• Van Marum
• Van Musschenbroek
• Franklin
• Coulomb
• Galvani
• Volta

• Oersted
• Ampère
• Ohm
• Faraday
• Henry
• Lenz
• Maxwell
• Hertz

Proceed
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Sir William Gilbert (1540 - 1603)

• Physician to Queen Elisabeth 1 of England
• Contemporary of Galileo
• Published De Magnete in 1600
• Follower of Nicolaas Copernicus
• Magnetic forces between the planets and the sun
• Considered the earth as a large magnet
• Navigation

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Otto van Guericke (1602 - 1686)

• Experiments with the Maagdenburger half spheres
• Electric forces between the planets and the sun
• Experiments with Amber
• Transfer of electric charge

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Martinus van Marum (1750 - 1837)

• Universal Scientist physics, chemistry, zoology,
  botany, mineralogy, geology
• 1784 Curthbertson builds an electrostatic
  machine for van Marum
• Glass discs (positive charge)
• Flashovers over a distance of 60 cm
• Experiments on humans
• Improving the blood circulation

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Petrus van Musschenbroek (1692-1761)

• 1745 Scientist of the University of Leiden,
  developed the Leyden Jar
• The first capacitor

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Benjamin Franklin (1706 - 1790)

• 1753 Experiments and Observations on
  Electricity made at Philadelphia in America
• Electricity from thunderclouds
• Charge storage in Leyden Jars
• Member of the Royal Society in London
• Member of the Royal Academy in Paris
• Electricity is a fluid
• Too much fluid positive charge
• Too little fluid negative charge

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Charles Augustin Coulomb (1736 - 1806)

• From a well to do family, contemporary of
  Voltaire and Rousseau
• Military Academy
• Publication about the construction of a compass
  for ships
• Member of the Royal Academy in Paris
• Inventor of the torsion balance
• Formulated Coulombs Law
• Coulomb as a unity of charge

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Luigi Galvani (1737 - 1798)

• Sirius electronicus, electric eel
• Brought from more exotic places to Europe in the
  18th century
• Charging of Leyden Jars
• Frog legs and copper hooks
• Laboratory experiments with a fork and frogs

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Allessandro Volta (1745 - 1827)

• There is no such thing as animal electricity
• Discovery of Galvanic Electricity
• Different types of metal in a solution of salt
• Voltaic pile Cu (Ag) and Sn (Zn)
• March 1800 manuscript to the Royal Society of
  London
• Volt as unity of potential

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Hans Christiaan Oersted (1777 - 1851)
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André Marie Ampère (1775 - 1836)

• Verified Oersteds finding
• Forces between conductors
• Right-hand-rule of Ampère
• Natural magnetism caused by currents flowing
  through bodies
• Each molecule of magnetic material acts as a
  small magnet
• The Ampère is the unit of current

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Georg Simon Ohm (1789 - 1854)

• Teacher at the secondary school in Cologne
• Experiments with Voltaic piles
• Published in 1827 The Galvanic Circuit
  Investigated Mathematically
• Formulated Ohms Law
• Ohm is the unit of electrical resistance
• Unity of electrical conductance is the mho or
  Siemens

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Michael Faraday (1791 - 1867)

• Son of a black smith
• Bookbinder at the age of thirteen
• Followed lectures from Sir Humphry Davy
  (1777-1829) president of the Royal Society in
  London
• Assistant to Davy, later member of the Royal
  Society
• Oersteds experiments resulted in 1831 in the
  principal of induction
• Only one type of electricity from Voltaic piles,
  friction or electromagnetic induction
• Influence magnetic field on light (Faraday
  effect) in 1845
• Electrical, magnetic and gravitational forces at
  a distance in space
• Portraying field lines rubber tubes
• The ether
• Farad as unity of capacity

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Joseph Henry (1797 - 1878) en Heinrich
Lenz (1804 - 1865)

• Born in Estonia

• Born in the United States

• The direction of a current induced by a magnetic
  field opposes the inducing magnetic field
• 1847, first law of thermodynamics, conservation
  of energy, by Von Helmholtz (1821-1894)
• In 1828 member of the Imperial Academy of
  Sciences at St. Petersburg
• Publication in 1834 in Annalen der Physik und
  Chemie On the determination of the Direction
  of Galvanic Currents Caused by Electrodynamic
  Induction
• Henry as unity of induction

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James Clerk Maxwell (1831 - 1879)

• Relation between electricity and magnetism
• Maxwell did what Newton did for the laws of
  motion
• Student at Edinburgh and Cambridge
• Studied the work of Faraday
• Maxwells laws describe
• Coulombs law
• Oersteds finding
• Ampères law
• Ohms law
• Faradays law of induction
• Lenzs law

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Heinrich Hertz (1857 - 1894)
Electromagnetic waves, verified by Heinrich Hertz
in 1888
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The Beginning of the Supply of Electricity

• From gaslight to electric light
• The first generating station in 1886 in
  Kinderdijk 33 kW 50 kW
• Rotterdam 1894 200 kW 14.200 kW
• Amsterdam 1888 80 kW 3600 kW
• The Hague 1889 600 kW
• Utrecht 1905 1200 kW

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The Current Dutch Situation (1)

• Peak load 12.000 MW
• Installed generating capacity 14.500 MW
• Club of Rome 1972 Problem of the sources
• Kyoto 1997 Problem of the sinks

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The Current Dutch Situation (2)

• Governmental laws and regulations
• Increasing demand
• Import from other countries
• Sustainable generation

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Vertically operated power system
Production
Traditional Power System
HV Grid (69 kV 1100 kV)
Transmission
MV Grid (10 kV lt 69 kV)
LV Grid (120/240 V lt 10 kV)
Distribution
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Horizontally operated power system
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From Vertical to Horizontal
Wind park
Solar panels
µ-CHP
Wind turbine
Solar panels
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Empty Power System
Wind park
Solar panels
µ-CHP
Wind turbine
Solar panels
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Fuel Mix

• The Netherlands 40 coal 55 gas 5 uranium
• France lots of uranium hydro power and thermal
  power
• Norway 100 hydro power
• Switzerland hydro power and uranium
• Germany thermal power, uranium and hydro power
• Italy thermal power and hydro power

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Customer Demand

• Reliable, always available
• Constant voltage 230 Volt
• Constant frequency 50 Hertz
• Power Quality

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System Requirements

• Maintaining the balance generation consumption
• stability

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Large International Blackouts

• New York, July 1977 15 hour blackout after power
  loss of multiple 345 kV lines due to lightning
• France, Dec 1978 5 hour power loss of 28 000 MW
  caused by cascade power failures of lines
• Belgium, Aug 1982 5 hour blackout after voltage
  collapse due to a power outage of a large
  generating unit
• Sweden, Dec 1983 5 hour power loss of 11 000 MW
  due to a bus failure resulting in a cascade power
  failure and voltage collapse
• France, Jan 1987 12 hour power loss of 1 500 MW
  after voltage collapse due to a power outage of
  several units system stayed operational
• Japan, July 1987 Voltage collapse due to strong
  increase of load during morning peak
• Canada, March 1989 Power loss of 19 400 MW of
  which part was meant for export to US due to
  power loss of five lines caused by heavy
  magnetic storms
• Italy, May 1989 Failure of international
  exchange lines resulting in a shortage of 4500 MW
• USA, West coast, July 1996 ½ to 6 hour power
  loss of max. 12 000 MW ( 2 million customers) due
  to line-to-ground failures caused by trees and
  followed by a number of cascade effects (25 hours
  later the same interruption occurs, but this time
  less extensive)
• Malaysia, Aug 1996 2 hour blackout of the entire
  peninsula (5 760 MW) due to a large imbalance
  between production and demand caused by a
  defective circuit breaker
• USA, West coast, Aug 1996 ½ tot 2 hour power
  loss of max. 30000 MW ( 7 million customers) due
  to line-to-ground failures caused by trees and
  followed by a number of cascade effects
• USA, West coast, 14 August 2003
• Italy, 28 September 2003

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Large Blackouts in The Netherlands

• Zeeland, March 1979 Blackout of the
  intermediate grid after loss of connection to the
  380 kV grid, lasting half an hour
• North-East of The Netherlands, May 1984 3 hour
  power loss of 1 100 MW after the 220 kV grid was
  in island operation
• East of The Netherlands, Jan 1993 5 hour power
  loss of 40 MW, 1 hour of 170 MW due to power loss
  of 150 kV lines
• Utrecht, Jun 1997 4 hour power loss of 600 MW
  due to power outage of several units, voltage
  collapse of 150 kV grid and overloading of
  transformers
• Rotterdam, 6 Dec 2002 Short circuit in a
  substation caused by a fork-lift truck Several
  hours blackout for 900 000 customers
• Haaksbergen, 25 November 2005 12 000 customers
• Bommelerwaard, 12 December 2007 Blackout of 50
  hours for 50 000 customers after an Apache
  helicopter flies into an overhead power line

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