The Respiratory, Circulatory, and Digestive systems

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The Respiratory, Circulatory, and Digestive
systems
???(Ayo) ??
Life Science 2010
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The various ways species get oxygen
Fig. 19.2 The external gill in Necturus, the mud
puppy. ?????
Fig. 19.1 skin breathing in the sea
anemone. ????,?????
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??countercurrent flow??
Fig. 19.3 The gill structure of a bony fish.
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Respiration of insects

• Tracheal system
• The openings to the system are called spiracles
  (Fig. 19.4)
• oxygen enters the tracheal system, move through
  the tracheae deep into the body tissue.
• No cell lies far from an oxygen source.

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Fig. 19.4 The respiratory system of an
insect. The vast tracheal system in insects
reaches all cells. It thus carries on a
more-or-less direct exchange without the
involvement of the circulatory system.
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Human Respiratory Structures

• Nose (?)
• Pharynx (??)
• Trachea (??)
• Bronchi (???)
• Bronchioles (???)
• Alveoli (??)

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Fig. 19.5 ?? The human respiratory system.
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Fig. 19.5 ?? The human respiratory system.
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?? Flattening of diaphragm and rib elevation
?? Diaphragm and ribs return to normal positions
Fig. 19.6 Breathing in humans occurs as the
diaphragm contracts and flattens, and the ribs
rise, causing the lings to fill with air.
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Fig. 19.7 The primary respiratory control center
is located in the medulla and pons of the brain.
The medulla is very sensitive to carbon dioxide
levels, but it also receives input from sensory
receptors in the carotid arteries.
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Essay 19.1 The joy of smoking

• A person aged 25 who smokes two packs of
  cigarettes a day will live about 8.5 years less
  than a nonsmoker.
• If you quit in time, the damage is largely
  reversible.
• The bottom line is simple if you smoke, quit.

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Circulation in animals

• Fig. 19.8
• open circularoty system, blood is pumped trough
  vessels to open sinuses, through which it
  gradually makes a return to the heart.

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The closed circulatory system

• Fig. 19.9
• earthworm.
• The blood remains enclosed in vessels, thus the
  system is "closed".

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Essay19.2 The incredible blood-brain barrier

• Physicians can't treat many brain diseases
  because the brain won't allow their medicines in.
• The nicotine, cocaine and alcohol is allowed in,
  but the medicine isn't.
• Why?
• ???,??????

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The human vessels

• A heart pumps blood into large arteries, which
  branch into smaller arterioles, and finally into
  capillaries.
• Then through venules into veins, and return to
  the heart.
• In humans, the length of the entire system is
  estimated to be between 50,000 and 60,000 miles,
  70 percent of which is capillaries.

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Fig. 19.10 The major blood vessels of the human
body.
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Blood pressure

• The sudden swell of blood during systole expands
  the aorta.
• During diastole, blood pressure remains high
  because of the force of the aorta on the
  remaining blood in the vessel.

Fig. 19.11
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Blood

• Blood cells and plasma
• erythrocytes
• red blood cell
• hemoglobin
• live about 120days in human
• leukocytes
• lymphocytes
• platelets

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Fig. 19.14
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Fig. 19.14
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Blood enters right atrium from superior and
inferior venae cavae. Blood enters left atrium
from pulmonary veins.
Atria contract together blood enters right and
left ventricles through valves
Right ventricle pumps blood to lungs via
pulmonary arteries. Left ventricle pumps blood to
blood via aorta.
Fig. 19.14
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• Fig. 19.15
• As the SA node initiates an impulse that
  immediately is fired to the AV node, which sends
  impulses to the ventricles along the bundle of
  His to Purkinje fibers, causing the powerful
  muscles to contract in a specific sequence.

SA node
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Essay 19.3 Heart attack

• Heart attack, it is the result of a blockage of
  the arteries that feed the heart.
• When such an artery is blocked, the
  oxygen-starved muscles of the heart begin to die.

Atherosclerosis is the result of the buildup in
blood vessels of a number of substances, such as
fat, fibrin, and calcium. These substances
reduce the elasticity of the vessel, and raise
blood pressure.
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Essay 19.4 CPR

• CPR (Cardiopulmonary resuscitation) is a critical
  lifesaving technique.

1. Check for unconsciousness and lack of pulse.
Call or send for help. Roll the victim onto his
back. 2. Open the airway by lifting the neck and
tilting the chin upward. 3. Check for breathing
by holding your ear close to the victim's mouth,
so you can hear or feel the breathing.
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CPR

• 4. If there is no breathing, pinch the victim's
  nose and press your open mouth against his.
  Breathe rapidly into his mouth four times without
  allowing the victim to exhale completely after
  each ventilation.
• 5. If the victim begins breathing and has a
  pulse, discontinue rescue breathing. If
  breathing and pulse are absent, begin chest
  compression.

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• 6. Kneel beside the victim. Find a spot two
  finger-widths above the tip of the breastbone.
  Put the heel of one hand over the other and place
  them on this spot.
• 7. Thrust down, depressing the breast-bone about
  an inch and a half. Thrust rhythmically 15
  times, about once a second.
• 8. Lean over quickly, breathe twice into the
  victim's mouth (as in step 4).
• 9. Repeat the cycle of 15 compressions and 2
  breaths until help arrives. Check periodically
  for pulse. Stop chest compressions if pulse or
  breathing resumes.

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Fig. 19.16 The human Lymphatic System
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Fig. 19.16 Lymph node

• Lymph nodes tend to swell and become sore if they
  are involved in fighting and infection near them.

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• Fig. 19.17 (a)
• digestive systems of sponge, food is trapped in
  microvilli in the collar cells and taken in by
  phagocytosis.

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• Fig. 19.17 (b) Digestive systems of hydra.
• Food is partly digested outside the cells of the
  gut, then brought inside the cells where the
  process is completed.

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Fig. 19.17 (c) earthworm has a complete digestive
tract, with an entrance and an exit.
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• Fig. 19.18 The human digestive system.
• Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, Large
  intestine
• accessory organs
• liver,
• gallbladder,
• pancreas

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Essay 19.5 Heimlich maneuver

• The openings of the trachea and esophagus are
  closed together.
• Food go down wrong into the air passages.
• ??????,????????????
• More than eight Americans die this way each day.

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Heimlich maneuver

• 1. Stand behind the victim.
• 2. Wrap your arms around the waist.
• 3. Make a fist (??) with one hand, knuckle(???)
  directed upward and inward against the victim.
• 4. Place the knuckles between the rib cage and
  the navel(??).

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Heimlich maneuver

• 5. Cup the other hand over the fist(??).
• 6. Quickly press inward and upward against the
  victim's abdomen.
• 7. Repeat if necessary.
• 8. Get the victim to a doctor as soon as possible
  because the procedure can break the sternum(??),
  or a rib(??).

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Fig. 19.19 The human digestive system. (a) the
stomach.
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Fig. 19.19 The human digestive system (b) small
and large intestine.
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Essay 19.6 But weight!

• About 5,100???? are regarded as overweight.
• ????????,????????regained weight.
• Long-term weight losss involves a combination of
  moderate dieting and moderate exercise, both of
  which usually involve some behavior modification.

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Anorexia (???)

• Anorexia is most commonly found in women in their
  teens and early twenties, a time that
  psychologists tell us is often marked by
  self-doubt and feelings of insecurity.
• Their greatest fear may be of being fat and
  hungry, and so they diet, and often exercise,
  obsessively (????).

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Bulimia (???)

• Bulimia refers to "eating like an ox", sometimes
  taking in twenty times the calories of a normal
  diet.
• Then the person vomits(??), or takes a
  laxative(??) to rid themselves of the food, both
  of which can be damaging.
• Both bulimia and anorexia can be difficult to
  treat, and long-term psychotherapy may be
  required.

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Lose fat

• A discovery in 1995 is being regarded as a
  "breakthrough" in weight loss a hormone, called
  leptin, that makes animals--even thin ones--lose
  body fat.
• ??????????,?????

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An ethical concern

• Blood doping involved withdrawing blood and
  storing it until the body replenished its red
  blood cell count, then returning the stored blood
  to the body, thus artificially elevating the red
  blood cell count.
• Athlete sometimes do this to increase their
  endurance, although it is illegal.
• Do you think it is fair to punish those who get
  caught?

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• ?????!

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