Introduction to Multicellular Organisms

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CHAPTER
NEW CHAPTER
Introduction to Multicellular Organisms
Multicellular organisms live in and get energy
from a variety of environments.
2.1
Multicellular organisms have many ways of meeting
their needs.
2.2
Plants are producers.
2.3
Animals are consumers.
2.4
Most fungi are decomposers.
2
Multicellular organisms have many ways of meeting
their needs.
2.1
The bodies of multicellular organisms have
different levels of organization.
tissue
organ
sexual reproduction
meiosis
fertilization
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Multicellular organisms have many ways of meeting
their needs.
2.1
The bodies of multicellular organisms have
different levels of organization.
tissue
Multicellular organisms have a wide range of
adaptations.
organ
sexual reproduction
Multicellular organisms reproduce by sexual
reproduction. Some also reproduce asexually.
meiosis
fertilization
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tissue
2.1
Multicellular organisms have many ways of meeting
their needs.
tissue
organ
sexual reproduction
A group of similar cells that are organized to do
a specific job.
meiosis
fertilization
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organ
2.1
Multicellular organisms have many ways of meeting
their needs.
tissue
organ
sexual reproduction
A structure in a plant or an animal that is made
up of different tissues working together to
perform a particular function.
meiosis
fertilization
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sexual reproduction
2.1
Multicellular organisms have many ways of meeting
their needs.
tissue
organ
sexual reproduction
A type of reproduction in which male and female
reproductive cells combine to form offspring with
genetic material from both cells.
meiosis
fertilization
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meiosis
2.1
Multicellular organisms have many ways of meeting
their needs.
tissue
organ
sexual reproduction
A part of sexual reproduction in which cells
divide to form sperm cells in a male and egg
cells in a female. Meiosis occurs only in
reproductive cells.
meiosis
fertilization
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fertilization
2.1
Multicellular organisms have many ways of meeting
their needs.
tissue
organ
sexual reproduction
Part of the process of sexual reproduction in
which a male reproductive cell and a female
reproductive cell combine to make a new cell that
can develop into a new organism.
meiosis
fertilization
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Plants are producers.
2.2
Plants capture energy from the Sun and store it
as sugar and starch.
autotroph
Plants are adapted to many environments. They
respond to stimuli in the environment.
photosynthesis
cellular respiration
potato plant
stimulus
tuber
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plant cell
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starch granules
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Plants are producers.
2.2
Plants capture energy from the Sun and store it
as sugar and starch.
autotroph
Plants are adapted to many environments. They
respond to stimuli in the environment.
photosynthesis
cellular respiration
stimulus
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autotroph
2.2
Plants are producers.
autotroph
photosynthesis
cellular respiration
An organism that captures energy from sunlight
and uses it to produce energy-rich carbon
compounds, usually through the process of
photosynthesis.
stimulus
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photosynthesis
2.2
Plants are producers.
autotroph
photosynthesis
cellular respiration
The process by which green plants and other
producers use simple compounds and energy from
light to make sugar, an energy-rich compound.
This is an endothermic process in which light is
absorbed and used to change carbon dioxide and
water into glucose and oxygen.
stimulus
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cellular respiration
2.2
Plants are producers.
autotroph
photosynthesis
cellular respiration
A process in which cells use oxygen to release
energy stored in sugars.
stimulus
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stimulus
2.2
Plants are producers.
autotroph
photosynthesis
cellular respiration
Something that causes a response in an organism
or a part of the body.
stimulus
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Animals are consumers.
2.3
Animals consume food to get energy and materials.
consumer
heterotroph
behavior
predator
prey
migration
hibernation
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Animals are consumers.
2.3
Animals consume food to get energy and materials.
Animals are adapted to many environments. They
interact with the environment and with other
organisms.
consumer
heterotroph
behavior
predator
prey
migration
hibernation
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consumer
2.3
Animals are consumers.
consumer
heterotroph
A living thing that gets its energy by eating
other living things in a food chain consumers
are also called heterotrophs.
behavior
predator
prey
migration
hibernation
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heterotroph
2.3
Animals are consumers.
consumer
heterotroph
An organism that consumes other organisms to get
energy.
behavior
predator
prey
migration
hibernation
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behavior
2.3
Animals are consumers.
consumer
heterotroph
An organisms action in response to a stimulus.
behavior
predator
prey
migration
hibernation
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predator
2.3
Animals are consumers.
consumer
heterotroph
An animal that hunts other animals and eats them.
behavior
predator
prey
migration
hibernation
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prey
2.3
Animals are consumers.
consumer
heterotroph
An animal that other animals hunt and eat.
behavior
predator
prey
migration
hibernation
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migration
2.3
Animals are consumers.
consumer
heterotroph
The movement of animals from one region to
another in response to changes in the seasons or
the environment.
behavior
predator
prey
migration
hibernation
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hibernation
2.3
Animals are consumers.
consumer
heterotroph
A sleeplike state in which certain animals spend
the winter. Hibernation reduces an animals need
for food and helps protect it from cold.
behavior
predator
prey
migration
hibernation
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Most fungi are decomposers.
2.4
Fungi absorb energy from their surroundings.
Fungi include mushrooms,
hyphae
spore
lichen
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Most fungi are decomposers.
2.4
Fungi absorb energy from their surroundings.
Fungi include mushrooms,
molds,
hyphae
spore
lichen
spore cap
stalk
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Most fungi are decomposers.
2.4
Fungi absorb energy from their surroundings.
Fungi include mushrooms,
and yeasts.
molds,
They affect people and other organisms in both
helpful and harmful ways.
hyphae
spore
lichen
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hyphae
2.4
Most fungi are decomposers.
hyphae
spore
Threadlike tubes that form the structural parts
of the body of a fungus. Hyphae is a plural word
the singular is hypha.
lichen
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spore
2.4
Most fungi are decomposers.
hyphae
spore
A single reproductive cell that can grow into a
multicellular organism.
lichen
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lichen
2.4
Most fungi are decomposers.
hyphae
spore
An organism that results from a close association
between single-celled algae and fungi.
lichen
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Fungi

• The kingdom Fungi is made up of both single and
  multi-cellular eukaryotes.
• All fungi have a cell wall made of a substance
  called chitin.

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Hyphae

• The bodies of fungi are made up of thread-like
  tubes called hyphae.
• Hyphae produce enzymes to break down their food
  outside the organism where it is then absorbed
  into the fungi.

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Types of Fungi

• The kingdom Fungi can be broken into five groups.
• Threadlike Fungi
• Sac Fungi
• Club Fungi
• Lichen
• Imperfect Fungi

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Threadlike Fungi

• Threadlike Fungi are spherical decomposers such
  as bread mold.

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Sac Fungi

• Sac Fungi are saclike parasites and decomposers
  such as yeast.

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Club Fungi

• Are club shaped parasites and decomposers such as
  mushrooms.

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Lichen

• Lichen are fungi with a symbiotic relationship
  with algae. (ex. British Soldier)
• Symbiotic means that the two organisms live
  together and at least one of the organisms
  benefits.

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Imperfect Fungi

• Imperfect Fungi consist of all fungi that do not
  fit perfectly into the first four groups of
  fungi.
• Some are parasitic.
• Athletes foot is an imperfect fungi.

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2.1
Multicellular organisms have many ways of meeting
their needs.
I. Multicellular organisms have many ways of
meeting their needs.
tissue
organ
A. Multicellular organisms have cells that are
specialized.
sexual reproduction
meiosis
1. Levels of Organization
fertilization
2. Organ Systems and the Organism
B. Multicellular organisms are adapted to live in
different environments.
C. Sexual reproduction leads to diversity.
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KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY
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Plants are producers.
2.2
II. Plants are producers.
autotroph
A. Plants capture energy from the Sun.
photosynthesis
1. Producing Sugars
cellular respiration
2. Storing and Releasing Energy
stimulus
B. Plants are adapted to different environments.
C. Plants respond to their environment.
1. Gravity
2. Touch
3. Light
D. Plants respond to seasonal changes.
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Animals are consumers.
2.3
III. Animals are consumers.
consumer
A. Animals obtain energy and materials from food.
heterotroph
1. What Animals Eat
behavior
2. Processing Food
predator
3. Releasing and Storing Energy
prey
B. Animals interact with the environment and with
other organisms.
migration
C. Animals respond to seasonal changes.
hibernation
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Most fungi are decomposers.
2.4
IV. Most fungi are decomposers.
hyphae
A. Fungi absorb materials from the environment.
spore
1. Characteristics of Fungi
lichen
2. Reproduction
B. Fungi include mushrooms, molds, and yeasts.
1. Mushrooms
2. Molds
3. Yeasts
C. Fungi can be helpful or harmful to other
organisms.
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plant cell
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spore cap
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CHAPTER
NEW CHAPTER
Plants
Plants are a diverse group of organisms that live
in many land environments.
3.1
Plants are adapted to living on land.
3.2
Most mosses and ferns live in moist environments.
3.3
Seeds and pollen are reproductive adaptations.
3.4
Many plants reproduce with flowers and fruit.
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3.1
Plants are adapted to living on land.
All plants share common characteristics. The
parts of a plant are specialized to get water and
nutrients from the soil, gases from the air, and
energy from the Sun. Plants have tissues, organs,
and organ systems.
vascular system
transpiration
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vascular system
3.1
Plants are adapted to living on land.
vascular system
transpiration
Long tubelike tissues in plants through which
water and nutrients move from one part of the
plant to another.
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transpiration
3.1
Plants are adapted to living on land.
vascular system
transpiration
The movement of water vapor out of a plant and
into the air.
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Most mosses and ferns live in moist environments.
3.2
The ancestors of present-day mosses and ferns
were among the first land plants. Mosses are
small nonvascular plants.
Ferns are larger vascular plants. Both reproduce
with spores and need moisture for a sperm to
reach an egg.
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Nonvascular Plants

• Nonvascular plants grow to a maximum height of
  2-5 cm. They do not have roots, but some do have
  a rhizoid, or thread-like structure with a hook
  shape at the end to anchor it to the ground.
• These include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.
• All nonvascular plants are seedless.

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Seedless Vascular Plants

• Seedless Vascular Plants can grow as tall as
  trees. They have roots, but reproduce with
  spores instead of seeds.
• These include ferns, club mosses, and horsetails.

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Seeds and pollen are reproductive adaptations.
3.3
Gymnosperms, such as the pine tree, reproduce
with pollen and seeds.
Seeds provide protection for the young plant as
well as a supply of nutrients.
seed
embryo
germination
pollen
gymnosperm
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Seeds and pollen are reproductive adaptations.
3.3
Gymnosperms, such as the pine tree, reproduce
with pollen and seeds.
Seeds provide protection for the young plant as
well as a supply of nutrients.
seed
embryo
germination
pollen
gymnosperm
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Seed Plants

• Most seed plants have leaves, stems and roots.
• Xylem is the nonliving matter that moves water
  and nutrients to other parts of the plant.
• Phloem moves food from one part of the plant to
  another.
• Cambium manufactures both xylem and phloem.

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seed
3.3
Seeds and pollen are reproductive adaptations.
seed
embryo
A plant embryo that is enclosed in a protective
coating and has its own source of nutrients.
germination
pollen
gymnosperm
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embryo
3.3
Seeds and pollen are reproductive adaptations.
seed
embryo
A multicellular organisms, plant or animal, in
its earliest stages of development.
germination
pollen
gymnosperm
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germination
3.3
Seeds and pollen are reproductive adaptations.
seed
embryo
The beginning of growth in a new plant from a
spore or a seed.
germination
pollen
gymnosperm
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pollen
3.3
Seeds and pollen are reproductive adaptations.
seed
embryo
Tiny multicellular grains that contain the
undeveloped sperm cells of a plant.
germination
pollen
gymnosperm
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gymnosperm
3.3
Seeds and pollen are reproductive adaptations.
seed
embryo
A plant that produces seeds that are not enclosed
in flowers or fruit.
germination
pollen
gymnosperm
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Gymnosperms

• Gymnosperms are vascular plants that produce
  seeds that are not protected by fruits.
• They sometimes use cones.
• Some of these are conifers. (pine, spruce, fir)

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Many plants reproduce with flowers and fruit.
3.4
Angiosperms use flowers and fruit to reproduce.
Flowers produce pollen and contain the plant's
reproductive structures.
Fruit develops after pollination and contains
seeds. Animals eat fruit and transport seeds to
new locations.
angiosperm
flower
fruit
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Angiosperms

• Angiosperms are vascular plants that produce
  seeds that are protected by fruits.
• These are flowering plants that can be broken
  down into two groups based on the type of seed.
• Monocotyledon
• Dicotyledon

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Many plants reproduce with flowers and fruit.
3.4
Angiosperms use flowers and fruit to reproduce.
Flowers produce pollen and contain the plant's
reproductive structures.
Fruit develops after pollination and contains
seeds. Animals eat fruit and transport seeds to
new locations.
angiosperm
flower
fruit
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Monocotyledon

• Have one cotyledon or seed leaf, and long
  blade-like leaves. (ex. Banana, corn, rice)

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Dicotyledon

• Have two cotyledons and broad, oval or
  symmetrical leaves. (ex. Apples, maples, peanuts)

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angiosperm
3.4
Many plants reproduce with flowers and fruit.
angiosperm
flower
A plant that has flowers and produces seeds
enclosed in fruit.
fruit
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flower
3.4
Many plants reproduce with flowers and fruit.
angiosperm
flower
The reproductive structure of an angiosperm,
containing male and female parts.
fruit
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fruit
3.4
Many plants reproduce with flowers and fruit.
angiosperm
flower
The ripened ovary of a flowering plant that
contains the seeds.
fruit
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3.1
Plants are adapted to living on land.
I. Plants are adapted to living on land.
vascular system
A. Plants are a diverse group of organisms.
B. Plants share common characteristics.
transpiration
C. Plant parts have special functions.
1. Transporting Water and Other Materials
2. Making Sugars
3. Controlling Gas Exchange and Water Loss
D. Plants grow throughout their lifetimes.
1. Plants with Soft Stems
2. Plants with Woody Stems
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Most mosses and ferns live in moist environments.
3.2
II. Most mosses and ferns live in moist
environments.
A. Plant species adapted to life on land.
1. The First Plants
2. Mosses and Ferns
B. Mosses are nonvascular plants.
C. Mosses reproduce with spores.
D. Ferns are vascular plants.
E. Ferns reproduce with spores.
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KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY
81
Seeds and pollen are reproductive adaptations.
3.3
III. Seeds and pollen are reproductive
adaptations.
seed
A. Seeds are an important adaptation.
embryo
B. Some plants reproduce with seeds.
germination
C. Pine trees reproduce with pollen and seeds.
pollen
D. Gymnosperms are seed plants.
gymnosperm
1. Conifers
2. Other Gymnosperms
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82
Many plants reproduce with flowers and fruit.
3.4
IV. Many plants reproduce with flowers and fruit.
angiosperm
A. Angiosperms have flowers and fruit.
flower
1. Flowers
fruit
2. Fruit
B. Animals spread both pollen and seeds.
C. Humans depend on plants for their survival.
1. Food and Oxygen
2. Energy Resources and Soil
3. Other Products
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