The Changing Patterns of Pesticide Use

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• ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????
• ???? ?????? ????? ????
• ?????? - ???????? ??? ????? ???????, (460-377
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  ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????.
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  ??????, ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????-????? (Materia
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• ?????? ?????? (????? ? 7-11 ??????) - ????? ????
  ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????
  ?????? ?? ????? ??????.
• ????? ????? ????? ???????? (980-1037),
• ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???????
• Canon of Medicine
• ????????? (???????) - ???? ???????

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• ???? 1818 ??????? ????? ???? ??? 89 ???? ???????
  ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?- 26
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• ????? ??????? ??????. ?????? ???? 1960
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  1970 ??? ????? ?- 17 ????.
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7
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GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY PROPOSAL FOR PROJECT
DEVELOPMENT FUNDS (PDF) BLOCK B GRANT Country
Jordan GEF Focal Area Biodiversity Operational
Program OP No.1 Arid and Semi-Arid
Ecosystems Cross-cutting area Land
Degradation Project Title Conservation of
Medicinal and Herbal Plants Project Requesting
Agency The World Bank Estimated Total Project
Cost US7.958 million Estimated Financing Plan
US5.0 million GEF US0.06 (Government of
Jordan) US0.126 (Desertification Initiative,
Phase II) US0.7 (GTZ, EU) US0.222
(IBRD) Preparation Costs US452,000 PDF Block B
Funds Requested US350,000 (GEF) PDF Co-Funding
US 10,000 (EU) US 50,000 (Government of
Jordan) US 42,000 (Desertification Initiative,
Phase I1) Block A Grant Awarded No Summary
Project Objectives 1. The overall objective of
the project is to support the conservation,
management, and sustainable utilization of
medicinal and herbal plants in Jordan while
ensuring effective in situ protection of
threatened habitats and ecosystems. The projects
specific objectives are to - prepare a national
database on indigenous medicinal and herbal
plants, with a view to assess their usage,
status, and ecosystems - strengthen the
conservation, management, and sustainable
utilization, both in situ and ex situ,
of medicinal plants in arid and semi-arid
areas - institutional strengthening of
collaborating agencies ,inter alia, scientific
research institutes, faculty of pharmacy,
extension services, universities, NGOs, etc. -
improve public awareness of the importance of
medicinal plants.
8
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10

• ?????? - ?????? ????? Oregano, wild marjoram
• ?? ????? Origanum vulgare.
• ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????, ??????? ?????
  ???????.
• ????? ?????
• ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????, ????, ?????,
  ????, ?????? ???, ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??.
• ?????? ??????
• ??????? ?????? ??????????????? ????? ??????
  ?????? (thymol) ???. ????? ??????? ???????? ????
  ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????
  ??? ????, ??????.
• ????? ?????
• ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????, ?????
  ?????? ????? 1-2 ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????
  10 ??.
• ??????? - Lavender
• ?? ????? Lavandula angustifolia
• ????? ?????
• ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???, ????? ?? ?????
  ????. ??????? ??
• ??????. ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????
  ?????? ?????. ???? ?????
• ??????? ??????? ?????.
• ????? ?????
• ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????
  ?????? 3 ????? ????.
• ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??
  ?????, ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????.

11

• ???????? , ???? ???? - Basil
• ?? ????? Ocimum basilicum
• ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????
  1-2 ?'
• ????? ?????
• ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????
  ???? ???? ?????? ??????. ????? ?????? ???????
  ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???
  ????. ?????????, ????? ?????? ????-??????????, ??
  ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????, ????? ???? ???? ??????
  ??????.
• ?????? ??????
• ????????? ???? ?????? ?????. ????? ??? ????
  ???????????? ??????? ?????? ????.
• ???? ????
• ?? ????? Micromeria fruticosa
• ?????? ?????? ????? ???! ???? ?? ????????
  ???????? ??? ???? ????, ?????
• ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? (???? ????
  ????? ??????).
• ????? ?????
• ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???,
  ?????, ??????? ?????? ????, ?????? ??? ??,
  ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??????
  ?????, ????? ??????, ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????
  ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????, ????? ?????
  ????, ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????.
• ????? ?????
• ?? ????- ?????? ???? ????????, ???? ???? ????.
  ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ????.
• ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? - ?????? ????
  ????. ??????, ??????, ???-??? ????? ????? ??
  ??????? ?? ???????, ?? ?????? ?? ???????. ??????
  ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????, ?? ????? ???
  ??? ?????.

12

• ????, ???? ???? Marjoram -
• ?? ????? Majorana/Origanum Syriaca
• ????? ?? ?????? ????. ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??
  ?????, ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????
  ???????.
• ????? ?????
• ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ????,
  ?????????, ?????? ?????? ????? ???. ?????. ????
  ???? ???????? / ???????. ???? ?????? ???????
  ????? ?? ??????.
• ?????? ??????
• ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????????, ??????
  ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????.
• ????? ?????
• ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??
  ???? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???? ???' ??????
  ???????. ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????
  ???????, ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????
  ??.
• ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????, ?????? ??? ????
  ???? ????? ???? ???????? / ?????? ??? ?????
  ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????.
• ????? Tarragon
• ?? ????? Artemisia Dracunculus
• ????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????.
  ????? ?????? ??????? ????.
• ????? ?????
• ?????? ???? ?????? ??????, ?????? ??????, ??????
  ?????? ??????? ?????? ????.
• ?????? ??????
• ????? ???? ?????????? ??????? (linonen).
  ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?????, ???????? ????
  ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????. ???? ???????
  ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ?????
  ??? ??? ?????? ???????, ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??
  ???? ???? ????? ???.

13

• ?????? - ?? ???? Coriander
• ?? ????? Coriandrum sativum
• ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????????, ?????
  ??????? ???????
• ???? ????? ???????? ????.
• ????? ?????
• ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????,
  ????? ????? ?? ????????, ????, ?????, ???????,
  ???? ???, ????? ??????, ???? ?????? ?????
  ???????? ????? ?????.
• ?????? ??????
• ??????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ??????
  ?????? ????.
• ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????
  
• ????? ?????
• ????? ?????? ????? 5 ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????.
  ??????? ????, ????? 5 ???? ?????? (?????). ????
  ?? ??? ??? ???, ??? ??? ???? ??????, ?? ??????
  ??????.
• ?????? (????? ???????) Lemon Verbena
• ?? ????? Lippia citriodora
• ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????.
• ????? ?????
• ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????
  ?????? ??????,
• ?????? ?????? ????, ??????? ?????? ?????? ????.
• ?????? ??????
• ???? ????????, ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? -
  ???? ???? ???????

14

• ????? Lemon Balm
• ?? ????? Melissa Officinalis
• ????? ?????
• ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??. ??????? ????.
  ??????????? ?? ????. ??????? ?????? ??????.
  ?????? ????. ????? ??? ?????????. ????? ????
  ??????? ??. ?????? ?????? ?????.
• ?????? ??????
• ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ??
  ?????? ??????????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????
  ????.
• ???? Mentha
• ?? ????? Mentha spicata
• ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????.
• ????? ?????
• ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???
  ??????, ?????? ????? ?????.
• ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????
  ??????? ??????.
• ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????
  ?????? ????? ???????
• ????? ??? ????? ?????.
• ?????? ??????
• ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????
  ??????.
• ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????
  ?????? ?? ?????? ?????.
• ????? ?????
• ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????. ??? ?? 3 ?????
  ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????
  ??????.

15

• ????? Sage
• ?? ????? Salvia officinalis L.
• ????? ?????
• ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??,
  ?????? ?? ?????, ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??
  ???. ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????, ?????, ?????
  ????. ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???
  ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???
  ??.
• ?????? ??????
• ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? (?????
  camphor, limonene ) ?????? ????? ?????. ??? ??
  ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????. ?-tannins
  ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? (?????
  ?????).
• ????? ?????
• ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????
  ???? 15 ??'. ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????
  ??? ????? ?? ???.
• ????? - Chives
• ?? ????? Allium schoenoprasum
• ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????
  ??????, ??????,
• ??????, ??????, ???????, ????????, ??? ??????
  ???, ??????? ??????.
• ????? ?????
• ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????
  ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????.
• ?????? ??????
• ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????. ???????
  ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???????, ???
  ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ???.
• ????? ?????
• ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??
  ???? ?????? ?????? ?????.

16

• ??? ????? (??????? ??????) - Lemon Grass
• ?? ????? Cymbopoginis nardus
• ????? ?????
• ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????
  ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????. ??? ??? ??????
  ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????????? ????????.
• ?????? ??????
• ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????
  ????. ??? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ??????
  ?????? ?????? ???????.
• ????? ?????
• ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????.
• ????????? - Parsley
• ?? ????? Petroselinum crispum
• ?????? ???????? Umbelliferae family
• ??? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???
  ??????? C ??????? ?????? ?????? ????.
• ????? ?????
• ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????
  ??????, ??? ?? ????, ??? ?? ????, ????, ??????
  ?????? ???????? ?????? ????.
• ?????? ??????
• ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????????
  ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? (UTI) ??????
  ?????? ????? ????.
• ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??
  ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????
  ?????? ?? ???? (apiol ?- myristicin).
• ????? ?????
• ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???
  ????? ?? ????? ???????.

17

• ???? - ???? 
• ?????? ???'??, ????
• ?? ????? Ruta graveolens
• ?????? - ?? ?????? ????? - ????? - Garden thyme
• ?? ????? Thymus vulgaris
• ????? ????? (???? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ??????
  ?"????")
• ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????.
• ????? ?????
• ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????,
  ????????, ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????
  ?????????, ????? ???. ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????
  ?????? ????, ?????? ????? ???????? ?????.
• ?????? ??????
• ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? salicylates (???????)
  ??? ?????? ???? thymol ??? ????????
  ???????????????? ???????????. ?? ?? ?? ??????
  ????? ???. ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???
  ?????.
• ????? ?????
• ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????.
  ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????.

18

• ??????? - Rosemary
• ?? ????? Rosmarinus officinalis
• ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????
  ??????,
• ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????.
• ????? ?????
• ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????
  ????? ??????. ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???
  ?????? ??? ?????? ???????. ??? ???????? ?????
  ?????? ??? ?????.
• ?????? ??????
• ??? ???????? ???? eucalyptol ????? ???? ??????
  ?????????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????
  ????? ?????
• ????? ?????
• ???? ????? ?? ??-??? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???
  ??????, ????? ???? ?????. ?????? ???? ????? ?????
  ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? 10-15 ??' ????
  ?????? ?? ????.
• ???? (??-???? ????) - Rocket
• ?? ????? Eruca vesicaria
• ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????????.
• ????? ?????
• ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????, ????? ????? ????
  ?????? ?????? ??????. ????? ????? ?? ??????
  ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????.
• ?????? ??????
• ?????, ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????, ????
  ???????, ????? ????? ?????.

19

• ?????? (????????)- Wild rocket
• ?? ????? Diplotaxis tenuifolia
• ?? ?????? ?????, ???? ???? ???? ????????. ????
  ???? ??? ?? ?????.
• ?????? ??????. ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???, ???
  ?????? ????? ???????.
• ????? ?????
• ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????,
• ?????? ??????
• ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????
  ??????? ?????? ??????.
• ???? - Dill
• ?? ????? Anethum graveolens
• ?????? ???????? Umbelliferae family
• ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????.
• ????? ?????
• ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????
  ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????
  ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????
  ??????
• ?????? ??????
• ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????-????? ?????
  ?????. ??? ?? ????? ????? ????
• ????????? ????????.

20

• ???? - ???? ??????
• ?? ????? Artemisia arborescens
• ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????, ???? ?????? ???
  ????????,
• ?????? ???? ????,??? ??, ????? ??? ???????.
• ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??????
  ??????.????? ?????
• ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????
  (????? ?????? ?????)???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????
  ???, ????? ????, ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????
  ??????.