Chap. 9 ???? Land Ethic

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Chap. 9 ????Land Ethic

• ??? (Ayo)
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Ayo NUTN website http//myweb.nutn.edu.tw/hychen
g/
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• Part I ????
• Part II ???????????
• Part III ????????
• 7 ?????? (Biocentric ethics)
• 8 ?? (wilderness)????????
• 9 ????(The Land Ethic)
• 10 ?????(Deep Eco logy)
• 11 ????? ? ?????? (Eco-feminism)
• 12 ????(sustainability)

?????? Ecocentric ethics
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Chap. 9. ???? (Land ethic)

• 1) Introduction
• 2) Leopold ?????
• 3) Criticisms of ????
• 4) Callicotts ??
• 5) Conservation Ethics (????)
• 6) Comments

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1) Introduction

• Aldo Leopold (1887-1948), is the most influential
  figure in the development of an ecocentric
  environmental ethics.
• He was the first person to call for a radical
  rethinking of ethics in light of ecology.
• A Sand County Almanac (????) (1949) is a classic
  text of the environmental movement.
• The Land Ethic(????), is the first systematic
  presentation of an ecocentric ethics.

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• Leopold ???????????,?????????????,????????????????
  ???
• ???,Leopold???????????????????????????,???????????
  ,????????????,???????????

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2) Leopold ?????

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• ?????????????????????,??????,?????????
• Leopold ???Singer?Regan???????Leopold?????????????
  ???,??????,?????????????????????????????
• ???????????(ecological conscience) ,??????

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??? ? ???

• ??????? (biotic pyramid)???? (land pyramid)
• ????????????
• ????
• ????,??????? (diversity)
• ???????,???????????????,?????????
• ??????????,??????,????????,????????

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?????????

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2. ????????,???????????????????????????
3. ?????????????,????????????
4. ???????????????????????
5. ???????????????,????????????

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3) Criticisms of the Land ethic

• ??????? (naturalistic fallacy)
• ??????????????,??????????????????(is)???(ought)??,
  ????????
• ??????,?????????????????????,??????
• ??????,?????,???????(gap)?
• ????????????
• ???????????????
• ????????(succession),????????????

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??????

• Marti Kheel ?????????,???????(totalitarian)?
• ????????????????????,?????????????????????????????
  ???????????
• Regan??? ???????????????,???????????????
• Don Marietta ?????????(moral pluralism)?????????,
  ????????,??????

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4) Callicotts ??

• The American philosopher, J. Baird Callicott,
  since the mid-1970s, offers valuable insights
  into Leopolds Land ethic.
• about naturalistic fallacy
• To reason from facts to value
• the tradition places moral sentiments (????) at
  the center of ethics. Ethics arises out of human
  sentiments(??).
• Feeling(??), attitudes(??), dispositions (??), or
  affections (??).
• Sympathy (??) is one of the most fundamental
  human sentiments.
• ?????,?????

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• The oughts of ethics arise not from simple facts
  about the world but rather from facts about us.
• ????,???,??????,????????????????????
• ??????,I ought to rush to that child.
• ???????????,????????????????,????????
• Leopold? Land ethic,enlarges the boundaries of
  the community to include soils, waters, plants,
  and animals, or collectively the land.

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5) Conservation Ethics

• Anthropocentrism (????)
• In the western religious and philosophical
  tradition, only human beings are worthy of
  ethical consideration.
• All other things are regarded as mere means to
  human ends.
• The Judeo-Christian stewardship conservation
  ethic
• Diversity is Gods property, and we, who bear the
  relationship to it of strangers(???) and
  sojourners (???), have no right to destroy it.

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5) Conservation Ethics

• Traditional non-western environmental ethics
• Muslim (Islam) (??), Hinduism(???), Jainism
  (???), Confucianism (??), Daoism (??)
• Biocentrism (??????)
• Life-centered environmental ethics
• All living things are of equal inherent worth
  (Taylor, 1986)
• Ecocentrism (??????)

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Biocentrism (??????)

• Rolstons biocentrism
• All individual organisms baseline intrinsic value
  ? Sentient animals ? self-conscious human beings
• Species ? ecological systems ? wholes
• Taylors biocentrism
• Equal intrinsic valueself-conscious human
  beings, sentient animals, invertebrates, plants,
  bacteria,

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Ecocentrism

• Leopold land ethic
• Changes the role of Homo sapiens from conqueror
  of the land community to plain member and citizen
  of it.
• A thing is right when it tends to preserve the
  integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic
  community. It is wrong when it tends otherwise.

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Fig. 4.7 Leopold land ethic
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6) Comments

• Serious philosophical challenges to the Land
  ethic remain.
• Nevertheless, Leopolds work holds promise for
  philosophical reflection on the environment.
• His writing provides inspiration for everyone
  concerned with environmental ethics.
• His greatest contribution lies in focusing
  attention on ecosystem and relationships in
  taking ecological wholes as worthy of serious
  moral consideration.

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Questions and Discussion

• http//myweb.nutn.edu.tw/hycheng/

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Discussion questions

• ?Leopold?????????,
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  ??????????????????