Governance: Local Administration and Development

1
GovernanceLocal Administration and Development

• Myths of the Grass Roots

2
Development Themes

• Development Theory
• Development Planning and Management
• Governance, Local Government and Civil Society
• Human Resource Development
• Donors and Development

3
Development Themes-Authors

• I. Planning vs. Implementation-
• Jeffery Pressman
• Naomi Caiden
• Aaron Wildavsky

4
Development Themes

• II. Gender and Development-
• Isabel Allende
• Sue Ellen Charlton
• Kathleen Staudt

5
Development Themes

• III. Cultural Issues Clash of Civilizations-
• V.S. Naipaul
• Samuel Huntington
• Monte Palmer

6
Governance and Sovereignty

• "Transformation (and globalization) has led to
  a reinvention of government and what it does"
• - Anonymous

7
Governance an Overview of Issues

• Basic Terms The Environment of Development
• Governance
• Manner in which the state is created, modified or
  overthrown

8
Governance Issues

• Local Government
• Primary unit of government that has both
  political leadership and bureaucratic structures

9
Governance Issues

• Civil Society
• Associations and organizations that are beyond
  the clan and the family and short of the state
  (does not include state organs)

10
Democracy What is it?

• "It is only when men learn what it means to be
  free, and struggle to maintain proper limits upon
  the exercise of authority so that no one is
  allowed to become master of the others that human
  beings have the possibility of creating mutual
  relationships which they may freely enter and
  leave as they seek mutually productive patterns
  of human development." - Vincent Ostrom

11
Democracy What is it?

• The policy makers have rational interests--to
  develop their countries, to improve the condition
  of their people, to acquire or stay in power, or
  to steal as much as possible.- Peter Berger,
  Pyramids of Sacrifice

12
Types of Democracy Terms

• Direct Democracy
• Actual direct participation of a population in
  decision-making about laws and regulations
• Town hall or village model
• Indirect Democracy
• Some form of representative democracy
• Pluralism
• Existence of various diverse interest
  associations and groups within society

13
Types of Democracy, cont.

• Polyarchy
• Diverse interest associations of society compete
  with each other over policy issues
• Cooperative Movements (or Corporatism)
• Diverse interest associations cooperate with each
  other and with organs of the state to make policy

14
James Madison and Democracy

• The problem with majorities
• Tyranny
• Factions

15
Direct Democracy vs. Representative Democracy

• Problem with Populism
• Mob Justice
• Minority rights
• Shifting majorities
• Problem with Plebiscites
• Size and the Need for Indirect Representation

16
Governance and Sovereignty

• Rules of the Game politics
• Zero/sum vs. sum/sum politics
• "Splintering
• Break up of states--centrifugal forces
• Interest Group Liberalism
• Civil Society as organizational
• Not the individual or the mass

17
Civil Society

• Definition
• Networks of organizations, groups and individuals
  pursuing socio-economic interests
• "Beyond the family but short of the state
• - Hegal
• "Human Rights, Basic Needs and the Stuff of
  Citizenship
• - First vs. Second generation

18
Governance and Sovereignty

• The need for apathy?
• Constitutional vs. Social stability
• Institutional structures
• Checks and balances
• The Institutional State
• What is the "Institutional State? Why is it
  important?

19
Decentralized Governance

• Subsidiarity- higher units of Government should
  not do what can be done by lower units

20
What Local Government Does

• Services Depend Upon
• Fiscal/budget allocation
• Taxes and transfers
• Planning
• Strategic priorities
• Managing
• Implementing

21
Local Government and theLocal State

• Sovereignty
• Authority to Govern (Ostrom)
• Presumption of Independence
• A National Government status given by
  International Community and by use of
  International Law
• "States will necessarily remain central actors in
  development policy and development management."
• - Milton Esman

22
Local Government and theLocal State

• Local State vs. Local Government
• Functional vs. Territorial Control
• Devolution
• Urban vs. Rural
• Urban linked with Rural

23
State Societal Linkages
Central State - Macro
SOFT STATE.PREDATORY STATE
Mono-State...INTERGOVERNMENTAL Systems in
place...Local State
Civil Society - Micro
Local - SOFT STATE.LOCAL GOVERNMENT
24
The Primary Unit of Government

• Municipality Lowest level with Bureaucrats
• English/American
• Town vs. county (Rural vs. Urban)
• Continental European
• Commune (no distinction between rural and urban)

25
Decentralization and Local Government Models

• Devolution
• Deconcentration
• Delegation
• Privatization

26
Deconcentration

• Functional vs. Prefectoral
• Prefectoral integrated
• Prefectoral unintegrated

27
Control Systems
Functional
Home Affairs
Local Govt.
Labor
Education
Agriculture
Public Works
Council
District Labor Office
District Ed. Office
District Ag. Office
Public Works Office
28
Control Systems
Prefectoral - Integrated
Interior
Local Govt.
Public Works
Agriculture
Education
Labor
District Office
District Labor Office
District Ed. Office
District Ag. Office
Public Works Office
Council/Chief
29
Control Systems
Prefectoral - Unintegrated
Local Govt.
Interior
Labor
Education
Agriculture
Public Works
Police
District Office
Council/ Chief
Police
District Labor Office
District Ed. Office
District Ag. Office
Public Works Office
30
Graham GreeneThe Quiet American

• Themes
• The US Mission
• The Third Force
• The Advantage of the Revolutionaries
• The French View?

31
Graham GreeneThe Quiet American

• Characters
• The American and the Americans theory of
  development
• The British Journalist--Engage?
• The Vietnamese Woman (Passive?)
• Conclusions about Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy?

32
Author of the WeekNext Week Arturo Escobar

• What Does Escobar say about the concepts
  Development Economics and Planning?
• How does he "Deconstruct" development?
• What does that mean?
• "What Is To Be Done?" according to Escobar.