Urban Water Management

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Water Demand Management in the City of the Future
The concept of water demand management and the
benefits this can bring
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Demand Management

• The development and implementation of strategies,
  policies, measures or other initiatives aimed at
  influencing demand, so as to achieve efficient
  and sustainable use of the scarce water resource
• (Savenije and van der Zaag, 2002).
• Any action that modifies the level and/or timing
  of demand for a particular resource
• (White and Fane, 2001).

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The looming water scarcity (1)

• World population to raise from 6.7 billion in
  mid-2007 to gt 9.2 billion by 2050
• There are finite global water resources
• Increased pollution rates
• Growing demand due to
• Increased population
• Increased affluence and industrial activities
• Impact of climate change
• e.g. 2 temp raise shortage for 1-4 billion
  people in developing countries
• Increase in hydrological extremes
• Per capita water availability steadily decreasing

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Projected water food scarcity in 2025

• 2b people (25) will have absolute water
  scarcity
• 2.7b people (33) will need to develop their
  water resources by 25
• Source http//www.iwmi.cgiar.org/home/wsmap.htmA
  1

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The looming water scarcity (2)

• By 2050, 1/3 of pop in low-income countries
  will face severe shortage
• Water scarcity more critical in urban areas,
  where gt50 of global pop live (since 2007)
• 2000 2030, pop increase of 2.12 bn for urban
• 95 of this increase in low-income countries
• There is need for a paradigm shift in the way
  urban water services are managed, to prevent
  demand exceeding supply

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Integrated Resource Planning (IRP)

• Planning to meet multiple objectives at optimum
  costs
• Customers do not demand for a resource but for a
  service, i.e. end-uses, rather than water itself
• IRP a systematic participatory planning
  process to evaluate least cost analyses of both
  demand-side supply side options
• IRP considers both supply and demand options
• For sustainable UWM, utility managers need to
  adopt WDM, which has been neglected in the past

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WDM within the IRP framework

• WDM is the promotion of policies measures that
  serve to control/restrict demand for, use or
  waste of water supply/other water services
• WDM then become integrated vertically, at
• Policy level
• Utility level
• Consumer level
• . horizontally, in terms of
• Technological interventions
• Economic interventions
• Social/educational/legislative interventions
• .and strategically, in terms of time projections

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Demand Management

• DM measures include those aimed at
• Increasing system efficiency at utility level,
  e.g.
• Reduction in systems losses
• Increasing end-use efficiency, e.g.
• Domestic water efficiency measures, Public
  education
• Promoting locally unused available resources,
  e.g.
• Rainwater Harvesting, Greywater reuse
• Promoting substitution of resource use, e.g.
• Waterless toilets, Greywater reuse
• Using economic instruments to promote efficient
  use of water
• Flexible water tariffs
• (adapted from White Fane, 2001)

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Domestic Water Use
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Rainwater harvesting and greywater reuse
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Demand management in Entebbe - 1

• Which water demand management measures have been
  used in Entebbe?
• Increasing system efficiency at utility level,
  e.g.
• Reduction in systems losses
• Increasing end-use efficiency, e.g.
• Domestic water efficiency measures, Public
  education
• Promoting locally unused available resources,
  e.g.
• Rainwater Harvesting, Greywater reuse
• Promoting substitution of resource use, e.g.
• Waterless toilets, Greywater reuse
• Using economic instruments to promote efficient
  use of water
• Flexible water tariffs

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Demand management in Entebbe - 2

• Which water demand management measures could be
  considered?
• Increasing system efficiency at utility level,
  e.g.
• Reduction in systems losses
• Increasing end-use efficiency, e.g.
• Domestic water efficiency measures, Public
  education
• Promoting locally unused available resources,
  e.g.
• Rainwater Harvesting, Greywater reuse
• Promoting substitution of resource use, e.g.
• Waterless toilets, Greywater reuse
• Using economic instruments to promote efficient
  use of water
• Flexible water tariffs

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Assessing Supply and Demand Options
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Economic benefits

• Demand management measures
• Save water consumed (volume in Ml)
• Reducing the volumes treated and distributed
• Reducing the volumes of wastewater
• Save the cost of abstracting, treating and
  distributing the saved water
• Save the cost of collecting, treating and
  disposing of wastewater
• Delay / reduce capital expenditure required for
  enhancing water supply
• Reduced water loss improves the financial
  performance of the water service provider

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Environmental benefits

• Reduced consumption of water
• Saving limited water resources
• Reduced wastewater flows
• Reduced damage from leakage flows
• Reduced consumption of energy
• Saving limited resources of fossil fuels
• Reducing emissions of greenhouse gases, and
  thereby mitigating climate change

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Social benefits

• Increased access to water supplies
• Reduced consumption by some users makes water
  available for others
• E.g. Transfer from high volume consumers to
  consumers with intermittent supplies
• Improving hygiene and health
• Improving school attendance and performance
• Improving productivity and incomes
• Increased social benefit from water
• Transfer of water from uses with low social value
  to uses with higher social value
• E.g. From leakage / waste to billed consumption
• e.g. From garden watering to bathing

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Who Benefits from WDM?

• Customers who receive improved water supplies
• New customers
• Existing customers
• Customers who reduce their consumption, who get
  lower bills
• The water service provider, from reducing losses,
  thereby increasing billed water volume and
  revenue
• Future generations, from reduced depletion of
  resources, reduced carbon emissions and reduced
  pollution

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WDM in municipality / health premises

• Educational campaigns for behavioural change
• Consider ways to improve water efficiency and
  water conservation
• Investigate leakages within properties
• Influence building by-laws for installation of
  water-efficient devices in the new buildings
• Work with the Trade/Commerce bureaus of standards
  to regulate for water-efficient devices
• Carry out public sensitisation on WDM, starting
  with schools

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Acknowledgements

• Sam Kayaga, WEDC
• Stuart White and Andrea Turner, ISF