PASS TAKS Tutorial Week IV

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PASS TAKS Tutorial Week IV

• Objective 3
• Interactions in the Living World

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All living things have a life cycle, and interact
with the non-living world in cycles...

• We are born, develop and grow into adults and
  have children and then die. This is our life
  cycle.
• We interact with the world as do all animals.

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Water Cycle

• Precipitation (rain and snow) fall on plants and
  ground.
• Plants respire and water evaporates back into
  clouds.
• It condenses in the clouds back into a liquid.
• The ground filters the water run-off into the
  lakes where it evaporates again.

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Carbon Cycle

• Photosynthesis Glucose C6H12O6 and oxygen are
  produced by plants, taken in by animals.
• Cellular Respiration Animals exhale CO2 which is
  taken in by plants to make glucose

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Nitrogen Cycle
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Nitrogen Cycle
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Rock Cycle
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Mans Effects on the Environment

• Ozone O3 is a protective layer at the top of the
  atmosphere.
• However, when it occurs near the ground, it is
  very harmful to all living things, it is SMOG

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Mans Effects on the Environment

• More than 90 of fresh water is locked in ice at
  the polar caps and in glaciers.
• Much of the fresh water is polluted by land
  run-off, dumping of wastes and excess heat pumped
  directly into lakes, oceans and rivers.

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Mans Effects on the Environment

• Global warming, also called the Greenhouse
  Effect is caused by excess burning of fossil
  fuels, destruction of our oxygen producing
  protista in the oceans, and deforestation on
  land. Less plants means less oxygen and more
  CO2.

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Biological Organization begins with cells . . .

• Cells which work together form tissues
• Tissues that are layered form organs

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And .. . . .

• Organs that work together form an ORGAN SYSTEM
• Organ systems work together to maintain
  homeostasis for the organism

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Homeostasis

• This is the maintenance of the normal operating
  conditions of an organism.
• Control of body temperature, pulse rate, blood
  pressure, blood sugar, urine output, digestive
  absorption, metabolism rate, growth rate and
  hormone levels all need to be maintained.

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What are they referring to?

• Biosphere The entire area of the planet that
  supports life.
• Biome An area defined by specific abiotic and
  biotic factors.
• Community The groups of living things in an
  area and how they relate.

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What is extinction and what causes it?

• A population is extinct when the last of that
  species is dead.
• Example There are no more dinosaurs.
• What happened? Their habitat was destroyed.
  When they no longer have what they need to live,
  they die.

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Ecology The study of the relationships among
living things

• Symbiosis is a close relationship between two
  living things.
• When both are helped it is called mutualism
• When one is helped and there is no effect on the
  other it is called commensulism
• When one is helped and the other is harmed it is
  called parasitism

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Mutualism . . .

• Sharks are cleaned by a little fish known as a
  Remora. The shark never eats them since they
  clean bacteria off the shark. Since both
  species are helped, this is mutualism.

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Commensulism . . .

• Orchids live high in tree-tops on the branches of
  large trees. They do not harm the tree, but they
  are helped by being raised up into the sunshine
  and receiving water.

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Parasites . . .

• Parasites harm or kill the host. A good example
  is a tape worm. It intercepts all of the hosts
  food, causing the host to starve to death.

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All energy on the earth comes from the sun.
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Energy Diagrams

• At one end of the diagram are plants. They are
  called producers since they are capable of
  turning sunlight into food by photosynthesis.
  They pass 10 of the energy they absorb to
  animals that eat them.

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Consumers

• 1st Order Consumers eat only plants and are also
  called herbivores.
• 2nd Order Consumers eat only animals and are
  called carnivores.
• 3rd Order Consumers eat both plants and animals,
  they are known as omnivores

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10 Energy Rule Only 10 of the energy moves up
to the next trophic level.
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Food Chain One of many feeding relationships in
a community

• Arrows in a food chain show the direction of
  energy flow.
• This is not the only feeding relationship for
  these organisms.
• When several or all of the food relationships are
  shown its a . . .

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Food Web
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Food Webs

• Food webs attempt to show all the feeding
  relationships in a community.
• The direction of the arrows shows the direction
  of energy flow.
• At the bottom of every web and every chain is a
  plant. These are the only things that can turn
  sunshine into food.

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Predator and Prey

• Prey are the animals that are eaten as a food
  source for the . . .
• Predator This is the hunter animal. The
  population of the predator must be less than the
  prey or they do not have enough food.

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Carrying Capacity

• This is the maximum number of a specific
  population that an area can support with enough
  food and living requirements. It is shown by a
  line on population graphs for a specific species.
  

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Also remember to review

• Human Body Systems
• Virus and Bacteria
• Illnesses,
• Transmission methods
• Organization of the Biological Taxonomy