Pregnancy

1
Pregnancy Early DevelopmentChapter 18 (pp.
443-450)

• Objectives
• Describe how a human life begins
• Summarize how a baby develops during the three
  trimesters of pregnancy
• Identify five things a couple can do to stay
  healthy before and during pregnancy
• Summarize four problems that can occur during
  pregnancy
• Describe the stages of childbirth
• List three changes that occur during early child
  development

2
Do Now

• Why do you think genes are so important in the
  development of a fetus?
• What factors should a couple consider before they
  decide to have children?

3
Fertilization (conception)

• The joining of the sperm and egg in the fallopian
  tube

4
Zygote

• A one-celled fertilized egg
• Image (2h after fertilization)

5
Blastocyst

• The dividing mass of cells of the fertilized egg
  before implantation

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Implantation

• The fertilized egg attaches itself to the uterus

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Embryo

• A developing human from fertilization through the
  first 8 weeks of development
• In the seventh week, the embryo has both male and
  female primordial ducts
• x chromosome female structures
• y chromosome male organs (hormonal switch
  happens)

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Placenta

• Mothers Circulation
• Oxygen
• Drugs, Alcohol
• Nutrients
• Immunities
• Viruses
• Hormones
• Fetus Circulation
• Wastes
• Carbon Dioxide
• Hormones

• An organ that will form during pregnancy to
  nourish the developing embryo and fetus
• It comes out after birth

10
Umbilical Cord

• Anything in the mothers blood can enter the
  babys blood through the umbilical cord, by way
  of the placenta

• A cord that connects the developing baby to the
  placenta

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Amniotic Sac

• A sac filled with fluid (Amniotic Fluid) which
  protects the baby during pregnancy

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Trimesters of Pregnancy
13
Stages of Development

• Click on the following links to learn about fetal
  development
• http//www.epigee.org/fetal.html
• http//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/0
  02398.htm

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First Trimester (months 1-3)

• Fourth week
• heart starts beating
• Arm and leg buds appear
• Eyes and brain begin to develop
• Size of a BB pellet

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Second Trimester (months 4-6)

• The mother can feel the fetus move or kick
• Reproductive organs can be recognized as male or
  female
• Fetus can hear and recognize voices
• Hair forms on the body
• Head and facial features become apparent
• Fingers and toes grow nails

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Third Trimester (months 7-9)

• Fetus gains most of its weight
• Brain develops further
• All other organs are almost complete
• Fetus can grasp with his or her hands
• Fetus nervous system will continue to develop
  after birth

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Keeping Healthy Before and During Pregnancy

• Avoid alcohol and other drugs, and exposure to
  cigarette smoke
• Maintain a nutritious diet and eat regular meals
• Take prenatal vitamins
• Get regular, moderate levels of exercise
• Have regular checkups with a healthcare provider

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Problems During Pregnancy

• Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
• http//www.kidshealth.org/parent/medical/brain/fas
  .html
• Miscarriage (death before 20th week)
• Ectopic pregnancy
• http//www.kidshealth.org/parent/pregnancy_newborn
  /pregnancy/ectopic.html
• Toxemia
• http//familydoctor.org/online/famdocen/home/women
  /pregnancy/complications/064.html
• Gestational diabetes
• http//www.kidshealth.org/parent/question/infants/
  gestational_diabetes.html
• Rh incompatibility
• http//www.kidshealth.org/parent/pregnancy_newborn
  /pregnancy/rh.html
• Premature birth (delivery before 38th week)

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Ectopic Pregnancy

• When a fertilized egg implants anywhere but in
  the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube
• This is dangerous and must be removed

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Miscarriage

• Also known as a Spontaneous Abortion
• When a pregnancy will end by itself, usually
  during the first three months

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Abortion

• When a pregnancy is terminated on purpose

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Childbirth

• 1. Labor (dilation)
• 2. Expulsion
• 3. Afterbirth (placental)

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Labor

• Begins with contractions and ends when the cervix
  is completely dilated
• The longest stage of childbirth

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Cervix dilating0-10 cm
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Cervix fully dilated_at_ 10 cm
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Head appears after full dilation of cervix
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Expulsion

• Passage of the baby through the birth canal
• The baby is expelled
• Ends when the umbilical cord is cut

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Afterbirth Passage

• A few minutes after the umbilical cord is cut,
  the mother delivers the placenta and the rest of
  the umbilical cord

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Episiotomy

• An incision made in the skin below the vagina to
  facilitate the passage of the baby through the
  vagina

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Breech Birth

• When a baby comes out anyway other than head
  first, usually feet first

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Caesarian Section

• The surgical removal of the baby through the
  abdomen
• Video What to expect with a caesarian delivery
• http//mayoclinic.com/health/c-section/MM00531

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Multiple Births

• Identical Twins
• Fraternal Twins
• Triplets
• ETC.

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Identical Twins

• Fertilized egg splits
• They will share one placenta
• They will always be the same sex and are
  identical

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Fraternal Twins

• Two separate eggs are fertilized by two separate
  sperm
• They will have their own placenta
• They are not Identical

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Epidural Anesthesia

• Anesthesia given to a woman in her back for pain
  relief of labor and delivery.
• Woman does not feel pain, but she and the baby
  are not drugged.

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Closure

• Describe the importance of prenatal care for
  keeping healthy before and during pregnancy.

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Works Cited

• Textbook Lifetime Health (2004)
• Fetal Development Overview at http//www.w-cpc.or
  g/fetal.html
• Mayo Foundation for Education research
  athttp//www.mayohealth.org/mayo/baby/htm/ww5r450.
  html
• www. Google images
• http//mayoclinic.com/health/prenatal-care/PR00112