1
(No Transcript)
2

• It is not things in themselves that trouble us,
  but our opinions of things.
• Change your thoughts and you change your world."
  
• I do not react to some absolute reality, but to
  my perception of this reality. It is this
  perception which for me is reality.

3
Awareness is everything!

• Conscious experience is all that matters
• The past is only important if it affects your
  thoughts and feelings now
• Even if reality exists, it doesnt matter
• Note how different from other approaches
• Trait
• Genetic
• Psychodynamic

4
Humanistic Psychology

• The study of the mind is different than any other
  science
• The mind is aware!
• The mind is attempting to understand the mind

5
Awareness

• Existentialism
• The cs mind has a sense of existence
• Phenomenological
• The phenomenon of experience
• Humanistic
• This phenomenon is uniquely human

6
Phenomenological, Humanistic, and Existentialism

• Free will
• Awareness
• Meaning
• Responsibilities of free will
• The object of study are human beings

7
Free Will

• Previous approaches
• CS experience is personality
• The UCS mind does not matter
• The past does not matter
• Only times these do matter is if you let them
• Gordon Liddy example

8
Awareness

• What does it feel like to exist?
• Umwelt
• Senses you feel as a biological organism
• Mitwelt
• Feelings related to social experiences
• Eigenwelt
• Feelings when you think of your own existence

9

• What would you have been like if you. . .
• Were born to an extremely wealth family?
• Were born to an extremely poor family?
• Were born in North Dakota in 1952?
• Were born in England in 1500?

10
Thrown-ness

• The circumstances into which you happened to be
  born
• What time period do you think it is most
  difficult to find a sense of meaning?

11
Meaning

• Modern times
• Why are you here?
• What should you be doing?
• Angst
• Existential anxiety

12
What to do?

• Lucky mud
• Free choice must not blow your chance to find
  meaning
• Not a true meaning, but a personal meaning

13
Authentic Existence

• Come to terms with your existence
• Life is shot
• You will die
• You are in control of your choices find meaning
• Still not a happy existence
• Life is shot
• Your will die
• Meaning is only an illusion

14
Bad Faith

• Avoid Angst
• Stop worrying about the problems of existence

15
Bad Faith

• Problems
• 1) Living a lie
• Might as well just be the unlucky mud
• 2) Still will not be happy
• 3) Still making a choice
• Chosen not to chose is a choice
• Man is condemned to freedom

16
(No Transcript)
17
Carl Rogers
18
Carl Rogers
. . . the most wonderful miracle in the world
took place. .
19
Subjective Experiences

• Inner reality more important than objective
  reality
• Inner experiences
• Conscious experiences
• Experiences that can be verbalized or imagined
• Unconscious experiences
• Experiences that cannot be verbalized or imagined

20
Self-Actualizing Tendency

• Innate motive toward fulfillment of our
  potentials
• Evidence
• Rat and human studies
• Evolution
• Innate goodness

21
So why do people do bad things?

• Infants perceive their experiences as reality

22

• Uninhibited by the evaluations of others
• All behavior directed toward satisfying need for
  SA
• Organismic Valuing Process
• SA is the criterion used to make judgments of
  worth

23

• As we get older. . . .
• Start to experience a need for positive regard
• Satisfying the needs for others satisfies this
  need

24
(No Transcript)
25
True self
26
True self
Social self Created through contact with others
27
True self
Social self Prevents us from getting into touch
with our true self
28
True self
Social self Leads to conditions of worth
29
So why do people do bad things?

• Social self hinders movement toward SA
• Not behaving like true self causes anxiety
• Anxiety causes defense mechanisms

30
So why do people do bad things?
Psychotic
31
Positive Development

• Avoid conditions of worth
• Unconditional positive regard
• Congruence between true self and experiences

32
Fully Functioning Person

• Open to experience
• Characterized by existential living
• Trust their organisms
• Are creative
• Live rich lives

33
(No Transcript)
34
Abraham Maslow
35
Abraham Maslow
She kissed back and then life began.
36
Self-Actualizing Tendency

• Innate motive toward fulfillment of our
  potentials
• Environment can cause problems

37
Needs

• Can be biological or instinctive
• A state of affairs which, if present, would
  improve the well being of the person
• Example food

38
Needs

• An unsatisfied need will dominate an individual's
  thoughts and behaviors
• Once a need is satisfied it no longer has as much
  influence on a person

39
Example
Think about food, fantasizing about a big meal
Thoughts and Fantasies
Have not eaten
Need for food
Hunger
Deficit
Need
Motive
Behaviors
Go to store, buy food, bring it home, cook it
40
Group Activity
Thoughts and Fantasies
Deficit
Need
Motive
Behaviors
41
(No Transcript)
42
Needs

• What needs are basic?
• Physical
• Food, water, air, etc.
• Safety
• freedom from threat, danger, etc.

43
Needs

• What needs are basic?
• Social / Belonging
• desire for affiliation, beloning, etc.
• Self-Esteem
• desire for self-confidence, recognition, respect,
  etc.

44
Needs

• What needs are basic?
• Self-Actualization
• to become everything one is capable of becoming

45
Needs

• Which needs are more salient to survival?
• There is an order that these needs typically
  occur
• Evolutionary explanation

46
Need Hierarchy Theory
Physiological Needs
47
Need Hierarchy Theory
Safety Needs
Physiological Needs
48
Need Hierarchy Theory
Social Needs
Safety Needs
Physiological Needs
49
Need Hierarchy Theory
Self-Esteem Needs
Social Needs
Safety Needs
Physiological Needs
50
Need Hierarchy Theory
Self-Actualization Needs
Self-Esteem Needs
Social Needs
Safety Needs
Physiological Needs
51
(No Transcript)
52
(No Transcript)
53
Need Hierarchy Theory

• 1) Behavior is dominated by the needs that are
  unfulfilled
• 2) Individuals will satisfy the most basic needs
  first and move up the hierarchy
• 3) Basic needs have higher priority than higher
  needs

54
Group Activity
Self-Actualization Needs
Where are you? What are you doing to achieve the
needs associated with this level?
Self-Esteem Needs
Social Needs
Safety Needs
Physiological Needs
55
Group Activity

• 1. I do not feel ashamed of any of my emotions.
• 2. I do not feel I must do what others expect of
  me.
• 3. I believe that people are essentially good and
  can be trusted.
• 4. I feel free to be angry at those I love.
• 5. It is not necessary that others approve of
  what I do.

56
Group Activity

• 6. I accept my own weaknesses.
• 7. I can like people without having to approve
  of them.
• 8. I do not fear failure
• 9. I do not avoid attempts to analyze and
  simplify complex domains.
• 10. It is better to be yourself than to be
  popular.

57
Group Activity

• 11. I have a mission in life to which I feel
  especially dedicated.
• 12. I can express my feelings even when they
  result in undesirable consequences.
• 13. I feel responsible to help others.
• 14. I am not bothered by fears of being
  inadequate.
• 15. I am loved because I give love

58
Scores

• Men
• M 45.02 , SD 4.95
• W 46.07, SD 4.79

59
Self-Actualization

• Time you enjoy wasting is not wasted time
• What you are doing when you are not attempting to
  satisfy another need
• Your true nature
• to become everything one is capable of becoming

60
(No Transcript)
61
What if. . . .

• You won a large sum of money?
• What would you do?
• Would this make you happy?

62
Are you happy?
63
Are you happy?
64
Why to we value material goods?
Stuff
Most common response to what will improve your
life
More money!
65
Is this true?

• 1950 present
• Violent crime
• Family breakdown
• Psychosomatic complaints
• Depression
• Suicides
• Happiness has stayed the same (30 very happy)
• Although income has doubled!

66
Is this true?

• Wealthiest vs. average incomes
• Very little difference in happiness

67
Is this true?

• Lottery winners vs. victims struck with severe
  medical problems
• Happiness goes back to before

68
Why?

• Habituated to money
• How much money would you need to fulfill your
  dreams?
• Under 30,000
• 50,000
• Over 100,000
• 250,000
• Makes evolutionary sense

69
Why?

• Energy gets focused on material goods
• Loses sense of other important aspects of life

70
Need Hierarchy Theory
Self-Actualization Needs
Self-Esteem Needs
Social Needs
Safety Needs
Physiological Needs
71
Achieving Happiness

• Happiness is a mental state
• Achieving it can be done via cognitive means

72
Questionnaire
73
Flow

• Self-Actualization and Flow
• Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi
• Optimal Experiences
• Doing something for its own sake, even though it
  may have no consequences outside itself
• Moment-to-moment CS experience
• Examples?

74
Flow

• Engaged deeply in an activity
• 1) Know clearly what they have to do moment by
  moment
• 2) Immediate feedback
• 3) Tremendous concentration
• 4) Little distractibility
• 5) Elevated mood
• 6) Time passes quickly

75
Flow

• How do you find flow?
• Engage in activates that are challenging
• Not too easy
• Not too hard

76
Flow

• Happiness
• Not felt while in flow
• Feel on reflection
• Important, but not sufficient for happiness

77
Need Hierarchy Theory
Self-Actualization Needs
Self-Esteem Needs
Social Needs
Safety Needs
Physiological Needs
78
Flow and Self-Actualization

• Self-Actualization
• What you do when you are not attempting to
  satisfy a need
• Time you enjoy wasting is not wasted time
• Peak Experiences
• Flow
• Optimal Experience
• Done for its own sake, even though it may have no
  consequences outside itself
• Flow is what self-actualization feels like

79
(No Transcript)
80
George Kelly
81
Activity

• Questionnaire
• 1) Put names on the top
• 2) For row 1
• Look at the three people marked with a O.
  Determine how two of these people are different
  than the third.
• Mark these two people with a check mark.
• Write how they are different (one or two words)
  in the similarity pole box. Write how the
  third is different in the contrast pole box.
• 3) Repeat for each row
• 4) Score everyone else in each row with a check
  mark
• How do you describe people
• Commonly use Constructs that are learned
• Start to see the world a different way

82
Every Person is a Scientist

• We have our own theories about human behavior
• We have constructs that we think are important
• Not as scientific as traditional science
• It is our VIEW of reality that is important
• Not reality itself

83
Construct

• Our constructs determine how we interpret an
  event
• Constructs are bipolar
• What is the other pole is also subjective
• Thus two people may see the same event differently

84
s

• Charlie
• Sincere Insincere
• Willy
• Sincere Morally degenerate

85

• Charlie
• Sincere Insincere
• Willy
• Sincere Morally degenerate

86

• If they see Veruca Salt do something that is not
  sincere

87

• If they see Veruca Salt do something that is not
  sincere

Will think she is insincere React with mild
disapproval
88

• If they see Veruca Salt do something that is not
  sincere

Will think she is morally degenerate Will be
angry and upset
89
Constructive Alternativism

• All of us are capable of changing our
  interpretation of events
• Our constructs
• Behavior is never determined

90
Research

• Using RCRT
• Can understand constructs person uses to see the
  world
• Can understand how a person sees self
• Look at the check marks (and missing check marks)
• How a person sees self in relation to others
• Who do you think you are most similar too?
• Are you similar to anyone?
• Look at number of check marks in the self column

91
Research

• Cognitive Complexity
• Did you use different constructs across all
  people?
• Cognitive simplicity
• Do not differentiate how you perceive others
• Cognitive complexity
• Highly different views of others

92
Research

• Cognitive Complexity
• Differentiate among many different events in the
  environments should be able to make more
  accurate judgments

93
Research

• Cognitive Complexity
• Better able to anticipate school stresses
• Make more realistic occupational choices
• Better able to predict the behavior of others

94
Review

• Freud
• Key ideas
• Psychic Determinism
• Unconscious
• Internal Structure
• Psychic Conflict
• Mental Energy
• Doctrine of Opposites
• Parts of the mind

95
Review

• Freud
• Psychosexual stages
• Defense mechanisms
• Denial
• Repression
• Reaction Formation
• Projection
• Rationalization
• Intellectualization
• Regression
• Sublimation

96
Review

• Freud
• Parapraxes
• Humor

97
Review

• Neo-Freudians
• Carl Jung
• Archetypes
• Collective Unconscious
• Alfred Adler
• Feelings of inferiority
• Striving for superiority
• Importance of birth order

98
Review

• Neo-Freudians
• Karen Horney
• Anxiety
• Coping with anxiety (types)
• Erick Erikson
• Eight stages of development

99
Review

• Existentialism
• Phenomenonological
• Humanistic
• Free will
• Awareness
• Meaning

100
Review

• Carl Rogers
• Self-Actualization
• True self vs. social self
• Conditions of wroth
• Unconditional positive regard
• Abraham Maslow
• Hierarchy of needs
• Flow
• George Kelly
• Constructs