Title: Distillation
1Distillation
2Setup to heat a solution
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry
2002, page 42
3A Heros Fountain
Glass retort
mixture for distillation placed
in here
long spout helps vapors to condense
Furnace
Eyewitness Science Chemistry , Dr. Ann Newmark,
DK Publishing, Inc., 1993, pg 13
4A Distillation Apparatus
Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of
Matter , 3rd Edition, 1990, page 282
5The solution is boiled and steam is driven off.
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry
2002, page 39
6Salt remains after all water is boiled off.
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry
2002, page 39
7No chemical change occurs when salt water is
distilled.
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry
2002, page 40
8Separation of a sand-saltwater mixture.
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry
2002, page 40
9Separation of Sand from Salt
- Gently break up your salt-crusted sand with a
plastic spoon. - Follow this flowchart to make a complete
separation.
Salt- crusted sand.
Weigh the mixture.
Pour into heat-resistant container.
Fill with water.
Stir and let settle 1 minute.
Dry sand.
Decant clear liquid.
Weigh sand.
Calculate weight of salt.
No
- How does this flow
- chart insure a complete
- separation?
Wet sand.
Evaporate to dryness.
Repeat 3 times?
Yes
10Four-stroke Internal Combustion Engine
11Different Types of Fuel Combustion
Gasoline (octane)
2 C8H18 25 O2 ? 16 CO2 18 H2O
Methanol (in racing fuel)
__CH3OH __O2 ?__CO2 __H2O
12Combustion Chamber
- The combustion chamber is the area where
compression and combustion take
place. - Gasoline and air must be mixed in the correct
ratio.
13The Advantages of Methanol - Burning Engines
- Methanol can run at much higher compression
ratios, meaning that you can get more power
from the engine on each piston stroke. - Methanol provides significant cooling when it
evaporates in the cylinder, helping to keep the
high-revving, high-compression engine from
overheating. - Methanol, unlike gasoline, can be extinguished
with water if there is a fire. This is an
important safety feature. - The ignition temperature for methanol (the
temperature at which it starts burning) is much
higher than that for gasoline, so the risk of an
accidental fire is lower.
14A Race Car - Basic Information
- At 900 hp, it has about two to three times the
horsepower of a "high-performance" automotive
engine. For example, Corvettes or Vipers might
have 350- to 400-horsepower engines. - At 15,000 rpm, it runs at about twice the rpm of
a normal automotive engine. Compared to a normal
engine, an methanol engine has larger pistons and
the pistons travel a shorter distance up and down
on each stroke. - The motor is lighter. This lowers their inertia
and is another factor in the high rpm.