PowerPoint to accompany Hole

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Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology
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Chapter 1Introduction to Human Anatomy and
Physiology
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Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy study of structure
Physiology study of function
Structure is always related to function -Form
follows function
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Levels of Organization
Atom hydrogen atom, lithium atom
Molecule water molecule, glucose molecule
Macromolecule protein molecule, DNA molecule
Organelle mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus
Cell smallest living part nerve cell
Tissue group of same cells working together
adipose tissue
Organ group of tissues working together skin
Organ System group of organs working together
skeletal system
Organism - groups of systems working together
human
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Levels of Organization
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Characteristics of Life
Composed of Cells
Movement change in position motion
Responsiveness reaction to a change
Growth/Maturation increase in size, maturity
Reproduction production of new organisms and
new cells
Respiration obtaining oxygen removing carbon
dioxide releasing energy from foods
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Characteristics of Life
Digestion breakdown of food substances
Absorption passage of substances through
membranes and into body fluids
Circulation movement of substances in body
fluids
Assimilation changing of absorbed substances
into different substances
Excretion removal of wastes
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Requirements of Organisms
Water - most abundant substance in body -
required for metabolic processes - required for
transport - regulates body temperature
Food - supply energy - supply raw materials
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Requirements of Organisms
Oxygen - one-fifth of air - used to release
energy from nutrients
Heat - form of energy - partly controls rate of
metabolic reactions
Pressure - atmospheric pressure important
for breathing - hydrostatic pressure keeps
blood flowing
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Homeostasis
Bodys maintenance of a stable internal
environment

• Homeostatic Mechanisms monitor aspects of the
  internal environment and corrects any changes
• Receptors - provide information
• Control center - tells what a particular value
  should be
• Effectors - causes responses to change internal
  environment

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Homeostatic Mechanisms
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Our bodies can be divided into different sections

• Portions
• Axial head, neck, trunk
• Appendicular upper and lower limbs
• Cavities
• Dorsal cranial, vertebral
• Ventral thoracic, abdominopelvic

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Body Cavities
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Serous Membranes
Visceral layer covers an organ Parietal layer
lines a cavity or body wall

• Thoracic Membranes
• Visceral pleura
• Parietal pleura
• Visceral pericardium
• Parietal pericardium

• Abdominopelvic Membranes
• Visceral peritoneum
• Parietal peritoneum

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Serous Membranes
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Organ Systems
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Organ Systems
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Organ Systems
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Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Position body standing erect, facing
forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing
forward

• Terms of Relative Position
• Superior versus Inferior
• Anterior versus Posterior
• Medial versus Lateral
• Ipsilateral versus Contralateral
• Proximal versus Distal
• Superficial versus Deep

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Body Sections

• Sagittal / Midsagittal or Median
• Transverse or Horizontal
• Coronal or Frontal
• Oblique

• Cylindrical objects
• Cross section
• Oblique section
• Longitudinal section

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Abdominal Subdivisions
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Body Regions
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Clinical ApplicationMedical Imaging

• Noninvasive procedures
• Provide images of soft internal structures

• Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• Requires injection of dye
• Produces computerized transverse, frontal, and
  sagittal sections of area being studied

• Ultrasonography
• Use of high-frequency sound waves
• Relatively quick and inexpensive

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