DEVELOPMENT OF GENDER DIFFERENCES

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DEVELOPMENT OF GENDER DIFFERENCES Basic
Terminology Gender Refers to our biological
sex, whether male or female.
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DEVELOPMENT OF GENDER DIFFERENCES Basic
Terminology Gender Refers to our biological
sex, whether male or female.
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DEVELOPMENT OF GENDER DIFFERENCES Basic
Terminology Gender Refers to our biological
sex, whether male or female. Gender Roles
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DEVELOPMENT OF GENDER DIFFERENCES Basic
Terminology Gender-Role Standard
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DEVELOPMENT OF GENDER DIFFERENCES Gender
Stereotypes Men are more Women are
more Aggressive Emotional Independent Dependent S
elf-confident Aware of others feelings Dominant
Interested own appear. Interested Math Interested
Art/Lit. Active Tactful Competitive Able to
express emotion Logical Talkative Adventurous Int
erested in family
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Actual Gender Differences (and
similarities)
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Actual Gender Differences (and
similarities)
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Actual Gender Differences Males gt
Females Visual/spatial abilities
Arithmetic reasoning Physical/verbal
aggression Activity level
Developmental vulnerability Risk
taking Females gt Males Verbal
abilities School Achievement
Fear and timidity
Emotional sensitivity/expressivity
Compliance with adults Depression
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Actual Gender Similarities Males
Females Compliance with demands and directives
of agemates Empathy
Social interaction with peers
Suggestibility
Self-esteem Rote
learning Higher
level cognitive processing
Analytic/logical reasoning Achievement
motivation
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• A SELECTION OF RESEARCH ON THE ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF
  MALES AND FEMALES
• Goldberg (1968)
• Dweck Elliott (1983)
• Feldman-Summers Kiesler (1974)

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• DEVELOPMENTAL TRENDS IN GENDER TYPING
• Knowledge that one is a boy or a girl.
• Knowledge that ones gender is permanent.
• Development of gender-role stereotypes.
• Development of gender-typed behaviors.

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• HOW DOES GENDER TYPING OCCUR?
• Money and Ehrhardts Biosocial theory
• Biological factors
• Social factors

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• HOW DOES GENDER TYPING OCCUR?
• Money and Ehrhardts Biosocial theory
• Biological factors
• Social factors
• Androgenized females and Testicular feminization
  syndrome

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• HOW DOES GENDER TYPING OCCUR?
• Money and Ehrhardts Biosocial theory
• Androgenized females and Testicular feminization
  syndrome

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• HOW DOES GENDER TYPING OCCUR?
• Social-Learning theory
• Direct Tuition
• Observational Learning

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• HOW DOES GENDER TYPING OCCUR?
• Kohlbergs Cognitive-Developmental theory
• Cognitive development
• Childrens active self-socialization

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• HOW DOES GENDER TYPING OCCUR?
• Gender Schema theory
• In-group/out-group schema
• Own-sex schema

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• HOW DOES GENDER TYPING OCCUR?
• Money and Ehrhardts Biosocial theory
• Social-Learning theory
• Kohlbergs Cognitive-Developmental theory
• Gender Schema theory
• Integrative Perspective
• Physical gender
• Reinforcement
• Schemas
• Recalls gender- consistent
  info more readily
• Rely more on same-sex models
  

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HOW DOES GENDER TYPING OCCUR?
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ANDROGYNY Androgyny - a gender-role orientation
in which the individual has incorporated a large
number of both masculine and feminine attributes
into his or her personality. (Overhead of
attributes)
Femininity
HIGH LOW
HIGH Androgynous Masculine sex-typed
LOW Feminine gender-typed Undiffer-entiated
Masculinity
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• ADVANTAGES TO ANDROGYNY?
• Flexibility
• Self-esteem
• Could these results be due to masculine
  attributes of androgynous individuals and not to
  androgyny?

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ADVANTAGES TO ANDROGYNY?
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ADVANTAGES TO ANDROGYNY? Avoiding rigid
stereotypes for boys or girls