Exploring Technology, Education, and Interaction with Classroom Presenter

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Exploring Technology, Education, and Interaction
with Classroom Presenter

• Steven A. Wolfman
• Computer Science Engineering
• University of Washington

http//www.cs.washington.edu/homes/wolf/work/
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Mediating Artifact

• An external object or structure which
  participates in cognition by shaping or
  supporting thought.

Saljo the significance of new technologies does
not lie in their enhancing learning in a linear
sense the important point is that they
transform basic features of how people
communicate knowledge and skills and how
information is organised. In this sense, new
media may imply that learning will become
different.
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Research History
UNIVERSITY LEVEL
Distance Large Class Studies
SIGCSE 02
Presenter
SIGCSE 04
ClassroomFeedbackSystem
Ink Study
CSCL 03
CHI 04
Retro/ProspectiveFeedback Patterns
Structured Interaction Presentation system
CHI 03
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Outline
Distance Large Class Studies
Presenter
ClassroomFeedbackSystem
Ink Study
Retro/ProspectiveFeedback Patterns
Structured Interaction Presentation system
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Outline
Distance Large Class Studies
Presenter
ClassroomFeedbackSystem
InkStudy
Retro/ProspectiveFeedback Patterns
Structured Interaction Presentation system
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Large class challenges

• Maintaining attention
• Communication/Feedback
• Spontaneous discussion
• Management of class activities

Is PowerPoint evil?
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PowerPoint Good and Evil

• Good
• Organization
• Preparation
• Sharing
• Easier execution

• Evil
• Passivity
• Simplification of ideas Tufte
• Inflexibility

Preliminary studies indicated instructors needed
flexibility and contextual writing
PETTT studies suggest students like organization
and preparation.
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Slides as Mediating Artifact

• In the classroom
• facilitate communication
• structure discussion
• Outside the classroom
• used as memory aid
• used as study guide
• Across terms
• reify course knowledge

Persistent context for communication!
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Classroom Presenter Goals
REFER TO LODGE

• Maintain strengths of slides (organization,
  preparation, sharing, etc.)
• Mitigate weaknesses of slides(inflexibility,
  immobility, passivity, etc.)
• Secure classroom adoption
• Explore potential of computer-projected slides as
  mediating artifact
• Prepare for more ambitious interventions

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Presenter Strategy

• Use TabletPC affordances (high-quality ink,
  wireless, portability)
• Focus on instructor first(single, necessary
  point of adoption)
• Distributed architecture flexible rendering to
  support extensions

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Technological affordances High-quality ink,
wireless comm., portability
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Classroom Deployments

• Spring 02Summer 03 studies
• 21 courses
• 15 instructors
• 1,000 students
• Intro to Masters across CSE
• University of Washington, U. of Virginia, U.
  of San Diego

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Student/Instructor Reaction

• Positive comments and repeat use by instructors
• Instructor survey N 9
• Student surveys N 479

Omits all project participants.
Students engaged in lecture 0 less 44 no change 56 more
Use in future 0 no 33 maybe 67 yes
Attention to lecture 10 less 35 no change 55 more
Encourage future use 8 disc. 22 neutral 69 enc.
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Instructor innovations and suggestions

• Donahue Tablet
• Instructor notes
• Improved navigation (filmstrip and previews)
• Collective brainstorming

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Instructor view with notes
Displayed view without notes
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Slide previews with navigation
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Conclusions

• Designed effective adoptable system supporting
  HCI/ET research

To summarize all of that to one bullet point
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Ink Study
Distance Large Class Studies
Presenter
ClassroomFeedbackSystem
InkStudy
Retro/ProspectiveFeedback Patterns
Structured Interaction Presentation system
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Expected Use
SmallTalk, Self, Cecil, Java, C
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Actual Use
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Study Motivators

• Unexpected style of ink use
• Feature discovery issues
• Unexpected feature use
• UI problems

AM Marginal diags w/out min Hygenic
erase Unintended scrolling
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Ink Study

• Interpretive analysis Erickson of 3 courses
• Distance courses (?, A/V and ink archives)
• Slideware-style
• Experienced instructors

Lectures Time Topic
Prof A. 4 6 hrs Compilers
Prof B. 8 20 hrs AI
Prof C. 10 23 hrs Databases
Hello world! is 14 strokes
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Prevalence of Attentional Marks

• Segmented strokes from six hours of lecture into
  coherent episodes and coded into four categories

of episodes of episodes of episodes of strokes of strokes of strokes
B C BC B C BC
Attentional 77 74 76 49 53 51
Diagram 8 8 8 9 7 8
Writing 14 16 15 41 38 40
Other 2 2 2 1 2 1
Will also briefly come back to this.
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Understanding Attentional Marks

• Properties
• brief, simple markings
• occur with speech
• augment meaning of speech
• ad hoc form
• Is there a linguistic context in which to
  understand these marks?

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Hand Gestures

• Hand gestures McNeill
• are synchronous w/speech
• are co-expressive w/speech
• are global-synthetic/non-combinatoric
• lack standard of form
• Attentional marks share these properties.

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Gesture Types Iconic
First of five gesture types
direct representations
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Gesture Types Metaphoric
abstract representations
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Gesture Types Deictic Cohesive
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Gesture Types Beats

• Insight into other?

BRIEF emphasize framework helps
understanding. SEGUE also helps understand
breakdowns
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Persistent Representation vs. Ephemeral Meaning
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Persistent Representation vs. Ephemeral Meaning
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Design Recommendations

• Non-homogenous color to distinguish strokes
• Age cues to indicate co-occurrence and preserve
  ordering
• Incremental rendering for process information

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Conclusions

• Designed effective adoptable system supporting
  HCI/ET research
• Identified important patterns of ink use and
  framework for understanding ink use

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Structured Interaction Presentation
Distance Large Class Studies
Presenter
ClassroomFeedbackSystem
InkStudy
Retro/ProspectiveFeedback Patterns
Structured Interaction Presentation system
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Richer Mediating Artifact

• CSCL has been a move from sage-on-the-stage
  to guide-by-the-side.
• New CSCL systems will be much more like the
  conductor-of-performances for an orchestra
  students will contribute to an overall
  performance.
• Roschelle Pea

Leader-of-theater?
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Goals of Structured Interaction Presentation
System (SIP)
Support the design, use, sharing, and reflection
on the orchestras score.

• Mitigate more PowerPoint evil
• Support intuitive and flexible design
• Facilitate interaction in class
• Enable new kinds of interaction

Passivity, simplification
transitions, apprehension
e.g., data reuse, intentional grouping, DHC
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Mock class using 24 CS students, staff, and
faculty NOT on CS 50 minutes long Took 1 hour to
convert static gt interactive Designed INSIDE PPT
USING SIP, etc.
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Try Your Hand
Of those who died from receiving the vaccine,
what percentage had compro-mised immune systems?
What are the death rates for specific groups who
received this vaccine?

• Are these on the same or distinct topics?
• Which would you rather discuss?

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Group Members
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Group Winners
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SIP Architecture
Presenter SIP exercises
Presentation design environment
Instructor view
SQL back-end for reliability/archival reuse.
Presentation/Widgetdatabase
Viewer scrnsht
Viewer scrnsht
Interactive widget designenvironment
Viewer scrnsht
Student views
Pluggable widgets. Support interactive version of
PPT vision.
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Conclusions

• Designed effective adoptable system supporting
  HCI/ET research
• Identified important patterns of ink use and
  framework for understanding ink use
• Designed system for interaction support
• Developed new interaction styles

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Conclusions

• Designed effective adoptable system supporting
  HCI/ET research
• Identified important patterns of ink use and
  framework for understanding ink use
• Designed system for interaction support
• Developed new interaction styles
• Designed feedback system
• Discovered new patterns of interaction

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Future Directions
Distance Large Class Studies
Presenter
ClassroomFeedbackSystem
InkStudy
Retro/ProspectiveFeedback Patterns
Structured Interaction Presentation system
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Future Directions
Presenter
InkStudy
Refer back to expected behavior slide.
Deixis resolutionfor blind students
Augmented transcripts
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Future Directions
Support pedagogical decisions that are difficult
to enforce consciously.
Best practices.

• Summary note-taking habits for students
• Student or instructor interaction goals (e.g.,
  regular question solicitation)
• Instructor speaking habits (e.g., speed, audible
  pauses, deixis, etc.)

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Related Systems

• Ubiquitous computing
• eClass Abowd et al.
• ActiveClass Griswold et al.
• Cell-phone feedback Brittain
• Education/Educational Technology
• ClassTalk Dufresne et al.
• Debbie/DyKnow Berque et al.
• WILD Roschelle Pea
• HCI Pebbles Myers et al.

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Related Pedagogy

• Active learning Bonwell and Eison
• Active learning in CS McConnell
• Classroom Assessment Techniques CATs Angelo
  Cross
• CATs in CS Schwarm VanDeGrift
• Collaborative Learning Johnson2

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URLs for More Info

• Steve Wolfman (including publications)
  http//www.cs.washington.edu/homes/wolf/work/
• UW CSE Education Ed. Tech. Group
  http//www.cs.washington.edu/research/edtech/
• Classroom Presenter http//www.cs.washington.edu/
  education/dl/presenter/

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SPARE SLIDES
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Question

• What are the three strongest motivating factors
  for you as a software developer

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Defining Efficiency

• Asymptotic Complexity - how running time scales
  as function of size of input
• Why is this a reasonable definition?

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Measuring Empirical ComplexityLinear vs. Binary
Search

• Find a item in a sorted array of length N
• Binary search algorithm

Linear Search Binary Search
Time to find one item
Time to find N items
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Educational Technology

• in the winter of 1813 '14 I attended a
  mathematical school kept in BostonOn entering
  the room, we were struck at the appearance of
  an ample Black Board suspended on the wall I
  had never heard of such a thing before. Samuel
  J. May, 1855

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Slides as Externalization/Mediating Artifact
Saljo the significance of new technologies does
not lie in their enhancing learning in a linear
sense the important point about new technologies
is that they, if they are powerful enough,
transform basic features of how people
communicate knowledge and skills in society and
how information is organised. In this sense, new
media may imply that learning will become
different. Technologies are ultimately about the
regulation and improvement of human relationships
Draw mental arith paper and pencil mem Elec
calculator --alg communicates in familiar
symbolic representation HK Jade market comm
burden